Sport culture

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Psychological considerations are of special importance in practice regarding the rehabilitation following sports injuries. This paper aims to synthesise the current evidence on how affective responses, such as anxiety, fear of re-injury, motivation, and self-efficacy, can influence recovery rates, adherence, and successful return to sport. Patients often suffer from psychological distress that can interfere with physical recovery and lead to premature cessation of rehab services. Positive psychological characteristics and evidence-based interventions, such as goal setting, visualization, or emotional support, have been shown to help with adherence and faster recovery. Further, social support increases psychological resilience. A systematic review was conducted of articles published from 1990 to 2025 that focused on psychosocial factors in sports injury rehabilitation. Combining psychological therapy with physical therapy is key to optimal recovery. Targeting psychological factors with personalized interventions may optimize rehabilitation and reduce re-injury loss.

The purpose of the research was to identify the level of modern administrative methods according to their fields to promote school sports and the differences according to the variables of gender and years of service from the point of view of physical education teachers in the city of Mosul. The research sample was selected by the deliberate comprehensive inventory method, where the research included (72) teachers of physical education in the city of Mosul, which are (53) teachers and (19) schools. The researchers used the Modern Management Methods for the Advancement of School Sport questionnaire prepared by (Khaled et al., 2022). The data were processed statistically using the percentage of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Alpha coefficient, T-test for two independent samples, and Pearson correlation coefficient using statistical software (SPSS) in data analysis. ResearcherWen found the emergence of a very high level of role in the development of school sports and its fields Implementation of school management plans, human and material capabilities to activate school sports, the average level of obstacles to the advancement of school sports, and insignificant differences according to gender variables and years of service from the point of view of physical education teachers in the city of Mosul

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of kindergarten programs in developing motor cognition among children who have entered Riyadh and children who have not entered Riyadh.The researchers hypothesized that there were statistically significant differences in the test results for the two research groups and in favor of the group of children who entered Riyadh.The research population was determined from the students of the first grade of primary school from Duhok School with international standards, numbering (48) students distributed over two divisions (A and B), while the research sample was randomly selected (15) students who entered kindergarten and (15) students who did not enter it, and the Deficit in Motor Perception Scale prepared by Dr. Zainab Abdul Rahim consisting of (30) items was used. The results were presented after being unloaded into tables and then discussed.

The research problem focused on the fact that one of the important requirements in the educational process is to focus on learners and ensure their active participation in the learning process by developing creative minds capable of problem-solving and fostering greater independence in decision-making. This is all achieved through the application of modern teaching strategies, as those responsible for the educational process constantly strive to develop teaching methods and increase positive interaction between teachers and learners.

Introduction: This study aims to explore the psychological impact of sports injuries on football players, focusing on levels of sport anxiety, self-confidence, and social support during the recovery process. The significance of the research lies in the substantial role the psychological aspect plays in players' return to play (RTP) after injury. Methods: Questionnaires consisting of three psychological scales were administered to a sample of 20 professional players who sustained sports injuries and were in the recovery period. The surveys were conducted before and after returning to play (a pre-post design) to collect data on anxiety, self-confidence, and social support. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, such as the T-test. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in anxiety levels, from an average of 4.1 (pre-return range: 3.5-4.3) to 3.4 (post-return range: 3.0-3.5), with strong statistical significance (p < 0.05). Self-confidence scores significantly increased from 3.7 (pre-return) to 4.2 (post-return), indicating a significant improvement after resuming match play. Social support levels also rose from 4.0 to 4.5 post-return, reflecting the role of the team and coaches in enhancing psychological state. Discussion: These findings are consistent with the literature, indicating that psychological and social support are important for reducing anxiety and enhancing self-confidence during post-injury recovery. The results also support the importance of psychological programs integrated within the physical therapy plan to accelerate the return to play. Conclusion: The study concluded that psychological factors play a crucial role in accelerating the return to play. Psychological support must be included in sports rehabilitation programs to improve players' performance post-injury.

The study aims to identify the most effective teaching strategies for learning the foil lunge skill in fencing. The researchers employed two teaching strategies: self-learning and peer teaching, in addition to the traditional method (demonstration style). The experimental method was utilized with three equal groups comprising 39 third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Anbar, after obtaining their consent. Pre- and post-tests included evaluating technical performance and achievement as measures of the learning level for the foil lunge skill. After analyzing and verifying the collected data using IBM SPSS Statistics, the post-test results indicated the superiority of the first experimental group, which studied according to the peer teaching strategy, in the level of technical performance for foil lunge accuracy, followed by the second experimental group, which studied according to the self-learning strategy. This indicates that both strategies resulted in better development compared to the traditional method (demonstration style). Self-learning and peer teaching strategies play a fundamental role in accelerating the learning process by addressing individual differences among students and optimizing time and effort by granting students a primary role in participating in the educational process. The researchers recommend using these strategies based on effectiveness and educational skill requirements, moving away from methods that rely on traditional frameworks, and adopting educational strategies aligned with scientific advancement and cognitive achievement.

Developing a psychological counseling program to reduce ego depletion and secure psychological energy among students of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences at Al-Hamdaniya University, identifying the degree of ego depletion, identifying the degree of psychological energy, and assessing the effectiveness of the The psychological impact on the depletion of the ego and psychological energy. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research population consisted of (150) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Hamdaniya University for the academic year 2025-2026, based on program.The statistics obtained from the registration department at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, after excluding (50) male students for their participation in the stability and pilot study, and also excluding (30) female students for not completing the answer to the research questionnaire. As for the research sample, it consisted of (70) students, representing (54.68) percent of the research population. In light of this, the experimental research sample was intentionally determined, consisting of (24) students, representing (34.28) percent, with (12) students for the experimental group, representing (17.14) percent, and (12) students for the control group, representing (17.14) percent, according to the scores they obtained in the Ego Depletion Scale and the Psychological Energy Scale.

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This study aims to define the role of various media outlets in educating the public about the importance of practicing different sports and their benefits for human mental and physical health. It also examines the strategies that define and fulfill this role, introduces sports media, its objectives, characteristics, factors contributing to its emergence, and its functions, and explains the role of Al Masar TV in implementing these strategies.
This study employs a descriptive, theoretical, and analytical approach to the phenomenon, relying on and analyzing previous literature to derive conclusions. It also employs a survey methodology, conducting in-depth interviews with decision-makers at Al Masar TV to understand the strategies the channel adopts in its sports coverage.

This study aimed to develop normative percentile scores for the Test regarding selected physical fitness components among male students enrolled in the Sports Management and Coaching program at Middle East University. The research employed a practical survey methodology, suitable for the study’s nature, objectives, and research questions. The sample consisted of 49 male students registered in the Sports Management and Coaching program during the 2024/2025 academic year. To identify the percentiles corresponding to raw test scores, the following statistical methods were utilized: arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, skewness coefficient, and percentile scores. The study successfully established percentile benchmarks for various physical fitness elements among male students. The results are as follows: Inclined push-ups: a raw score of > 22 corresponds to the 10th percentile, while a score of < 75 corresponds to the 100th percentile. Sit ups (from lying): a raw score of > 33 corresponds to the 10th percentile, and < 80 corresponds to the 100th percentile. Illinois agility (shuttle run): a raw time of > 16.300 seconds corresponds to the 10th percentile, while < 6.5 seconds corresponds to the 100th percentile.1600 m run: a time of > 15:10 minutes aligns with the 10th percentile, and < 4:40 minutes aligns with the 100th percentile. Sit-and-reach (trunk flexion from seated position): a distance of > 12.10 cm corresponds to the 10th percentile, while < 35.0 cm corresponds to the 100th percentile. The study recommends using these percentile-based scores to evaluate male students’ performance in key physical fitness attributes—strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and agility—within the Physical Conditioning course of the Sports Management and Coaching curriculum at Middle East University.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of the progressive activities strategy on the performance of some basic volleyball skills and to examine the effect of the progressive activities strategy on developing prospective thinking toward physical education among female students at the preparatory stage
The researchers used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample was selected randomly using the lottery method. Two sections (C) and (D) were chosen, and (20) female students were selected from each section to represent the research sample. The two sections were chosen randomly, and the sample was distributed randomly among the sections by lottery as well. Section (C) represented the experimental group, while section (D) represented the control group.
An educational program was prepared based on progressive activities, and volleyball skills were taught in a gradual manner after being divided into levels. The researchers used statistical methods through the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS) using a computer. After discussing the results, the researchers reached the following conclusions:
The use of the progressive activities strategy achieved better learning outcomes for volleyball skills (serving from below, serving from above, and passing from below) and contributed to the development of prospective thinking toward physical education among preparatory stage female students. The researchers recommended the use of the progressive activities strategy in teaching volleyball skills in physical education lessons and other sports activities.

The present study aims to examine the level of self-confidence among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Garmian, and to identify significant differences according to gender (male–female) and academic level (first–fourth year). Self-confidence is considered a vital psychological construct closely related to academic achievement, athletic performance, and students’ adaptation to university life.
The sample consisted of 130 male and female students selected randomly during the academic year 2023–2024. The descriptive method was adopted, and the Self-Confidence Scale developed by Mohammad Hassan Allawi (n.d.), consisting of 22 items, was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through several statistical tests, including one-sample t-test, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and two-way ANOVA.
The results indicated that students generally showed a good level of self-confidence leaning toward the positive side. Statistically significant differences were found in favor of male students compared to females, and in favor of fourth-year students compared to first-year students. Based on these findings, the study recommends implementing educational and counseling programs that enhance students’ self-confidence, with special attention to female students and first-year students to increase their motivation and participation in academic and extracurricular activities

This research aims to study the impact of engineering designs for sports stadiums on the phenomenon of rumination among football players. Rumination is a psychological condition characterized by repetitive negative thinking about past mistakes and situations, which negatively impacts concentration and performance.The researchers adopted a descriptive approach, and the sample included (200) players from Iraqi Premier League youth clubs for the 2024–2025 season. The players were divided into a construct sample (150 players) and an application sample (50 players).Two scales were developed by three researchers: one to measure the impact of engineering designs on sports facilities (32 items distributed across five domains), and the other to measure the level of rumination (40 items distributed across five domains).The results showed that the players' performance on both scales was average, with an inverse correlation between the quality of engineering designs and rumination. Improved design environments lead to a decrease in repetitive negative thinking among players.The study concluded with a recommendation to pay attention to the psychological preparation of players and to consider psychological factors when designing stadiums, as this plays a role in improving athletic performance and reducing mental stress.