Journal of Education for Humanities

The countries beyond the river, with its various regions under the Arab Islamic State, have received the attention of historians through what they transmitted from the economic aspects. The industry is an important aspect of life to meet the basic needs of individuals, so it was necessary to pay attention and care for it. One of the most important industries that characterized the country beyond the river are the textile industry, food industries, furniture and glass, and the most important industry had an impact on the development of intellectual movement in the Islamic regions is the paper industry.

The Ottoman Empire witnessed the first attempts at reform in the political, economic and social fields, as well as its government institutions in the second half of the eighteenth century AD because of what it was suffering from at that time of weakness, decline and military defeats.
These reforms were based on the inspiration of Western ideas after a long debate witnessed by the Ottoman government circles between supporters and opponents, considering that Western civilization and its civilization have made great progress at various levels , while there were those who opposed the application of these reforms for fear of their impact on the principles and teachings of the Islamic religion .
This option was the best option because of the current state of affairs and in order to modernize its organs and institutions as much as possible .
The most important events that the Ottoman reform movement was influenced by was the French Revolution, whose principles and ideas were transmitted to the Ottoman capital by the French military missions hired by it in order to modernize the Ottoman army or through the European diplomatic missions accredited in the capital (Istanbul) .
The first reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire were military reforms due to the military nature of the state throughout its political history, and the imbalance and decline occurred due to the corruption of its army, and there were several reforms during the reign of Sultans Mustafa III (1757-1774), Sultan Abdul Hamid I (1774-1789) and Sultan Selim III (1789-1807), but the major and influential reforms were applied during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839), which was an extension of for the reforms initiated by Sultan Selim III, guy they included wider sectors . He renovated the military schools and was able to eliminate the Janissary army and abolish it completely in 1826, and also abolished military fiefdoms almost twelve years later . In fact, these steps were important, as they served to subjugate the Ottoman states and return them to the authority of the central government , as well as to implement a centralized policy throughout the state .

The current research aimed to shed light on (Algerian political currents between the two world wars 1919-1939), as Algeria has known multiple political currents since the beginning of the twentieth century, but it did not crystallize in its organized partisan form except in the stage that followed World War II, at that stage it appeared on the scene The Algerian political party has several parties and movements with different ideologies, including the revolutionary independence, the reformist one, and the moderate-oriented one, united by one goal, the essence of which is to break the restrictions and rid the country of French colonial domination, even if the demands and methods differed, but all those efforts that were made did not achieve the aspirations of the Algerians for independence, because The cruelty of the colonizer and the lack of space to achieve that ambition.
The research followed the descriptive historical method in studying historical events related to the Algerian political currents between the two world wars 1919-1939, in addition to the analytical method to determine the role played by these currents in the Algerian issues.

The decision-making process is very important in life in general and at the school in particular in addition to problem-solving process. So, it is very vital to develop this type of thinking in the stage of adolescence and therefore the intermediate stage of study was chosen to conduct the current research.
The present research aimed at identifying the effect of the six hats strategy in terms of developing the decision making. Also, the research aimed at identifying the differences between the two groups: the experimental and the control groups in the posttest.
The sample of the research consisted of (120) male and female students, who were divided into (4) groups; two of them represented the experimental group and the other two groups represented the control group. The decision making form consisted of (35) paragraphs with four alternatives (A – B – C – and D). Validity, invariability and distinction of the scale paragraphs. Additionally, the six hats strategy was used and the lasted for 6 weeks, each weak involved two lessons.
Equivalence between the four groups in terms of intelligence, acquisition, the posttest and the parents' education was conducted after applying the strategy. It was found that there had been a development for the experimental group as there were significant statistical differences between the pretest and the posttest and also differences between the control group and the experimental group.
The researcher recommended that there is a necessity that the schools should pay more attention to using the programs and the methods that develop and enhance the decision making capability and she also suggested that more studies should be conducted in terms of using the six hats method in developing other types of thinking.

The current study aimed to identify (The preferred classroom interaction patterns among students of the English Language Department and its relationship to their analytical thinking), and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared two tools, The first one of which revealed the preferred classroom interaction patterns for the students of the English Department, and it consisted in its final form of one paragraph (specify the teaching style you prefer during English language lectures) three alternatives including (Teacher, Student، Participatory style between the teacher and the student) as each alternative expresses a class interaction pattern, while the second tool was used to measure analytical thinking and was formed in its final form after being presented to the arbitrators and experts from (25) paragraphs including (5) skills (Observation, Comparison - Interview, Classification, Forecasting or Forecasting and guessing, Defining the features and attributes) and the researcher verified the validity of the tool by the apparent and logical validity as well as the psychometric properties of the tool (the power of distinction The stability was extracted by repetition method, and their percentage was (82%) and (80%), respectively, and after applying the two tools to the members of the research sample from the students of the English Language Department, which started on Thursday (19/10/2021 AD) and the distribution ended on Sunday (10/22/2021 AD), collecting data from them and analyzing them statistically by using the t-test for one sample, and the one-way analysis of variance test.

The results indicated that:
1- The proportions of the students' preferred styles varied and were consecutively upward (the teacher-based style, the student-based style, the participatory style between the student and the teacher), where the students of the English Department preferred the participatory style.
2- The gender variable has no difference in the preference for the participatory style over others between males and females.
3- Students of the fourth stage of the English Department have a good level of analytical thinking.
4- The gender variable has no difference between the level of analytical thinking between males and females.
5- There is a direct relationship between learning styles and the level of analytical thinking among students of the fourth stage of the English Language Department.

The current research aims to identify the role of the Islamic education curriculum in promoting academic excellence among fifth grade students from the point of view of its teachers. The research sample consisted of (44) male and female teachers who study the Islamic education curriculum for the academic year (2021-2022) in the Nineveh Education Directorate. A teacher and a female teacher. with (22) male and (22) female teachers. and to achieve the goal of the research. this required the preparation of a (questionnaire) tool that consisted of (26) items. followed by (3) alternatives. which are: It is included in the curricula to a degree (large. medium. few). and its validity and stability have been verified using the following statistical methods: Cronbach’s alpha equation. degree of severity and relative weight. T-test and statistical bag (SPSS). The researcher reached a set of results. including:
1- The Islamic education curricula achieved a good percentage of its role in enhancing the academic excellence and achievement of primary school students from the teachers’ point of view.
2- Academic excellence is among the many factors that affect it. some are hereditary or due to the individual himself. others are due to the environment in which he lives. and therefore all the previous factors are intertwined with each other to give us a superior individual. The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Today we live in a world of rapid change and development. wars and pandemics. and these changes cast a shadow on society in general and women in particular. she births. breeds the rest half. she is the mother. daughter and sister who faces many challenges. including the spread of the phenomenon of violence in its multiple forms. So. the research aims to recognize patterns of violence toward women from the point of view of university teaching staff according to the variables of specialization (scientific - human). marital status (married - single) and scientific rank (assistant instructor - instructor - assistant professor - professor). The research sample was limited to (300) female instructors from the University of Mosul. To achieve the research aim an open questionnaire was used as a question was directed to a random sample of university teaching staff and the items were collected and then a closed questionnaire consisting of (35) items was prepared and applied to the research sample with (Yes / No) indicators showed by experts and arbitrary committee by re-testing. The data were treated statistically using arithmetic mean and standard deviation t and T-test for one and two independent samples. The results showed that the most prominent patterns of violence directed towards women from the university’s teaching point of view (verbal violence. psychological violence. sexual violence. physical abuse) and there are no significant differences in patterns of violence according to specialization (scientific - human). and that there are differences in patterns of violence among married women and scientific rank for (instructor and assistant instructor).
A number of proposals and recommendations have been formulated.

The current research aimed to diagnose the level of efficiency of cognitive representation among students of the University of Mosul , and to identify the level of emotional memory among students of the University of Mosul as well , and recognizing the difference in the relationship between the efficiency of cognitive representation and emotional memory among the members of the research sample . The main research sample composed of eight hundred male and female students who were randomly chosen by stratified method from the faculties of the University of Mosul , definitely in the academic year 2021 – 2022 , distributed over eight faculties , four scientific faculties and four humanities ones . In order to achieve the aims of the research , the researcher applied two devices or tools : the cognitive representation efficiency scale , she adopted a scale (Ghanim , 2011) for the efficiency of cognitive representation , which consisted of forty – six items in its final from and the emotional memory scale , which the researcher prepared in advance , that hod in its final from of thirty items .
The researcher reached the following results:
1- The students of the research sample have a good level of cognitive representation efficiency .
2- The research sample students have a good level of emotional memory .
3- There are statistically significant correlation between the efficiency of cognitive representation and emotional memory .
According to shedding light on the research results, the two researchers came up with some recommendations and suggestions:
Taking into account the individual differences between university students in terms of the efficiency of knowledge representation by those in charge of the educational process should be done , especially when they illustrate the scientific material and prepare programs and workshops for the purpose of developing strategies for growing and improving the emotional memory of students in all educational stages.
The two researchers also suggested carrying out the following studies :
The efficiency of cognitive representation and its relationship to self – esteem among middle school students , and also activating the strength of emotional memory and is relation to academic achievement among middle school students .

The aim of the study is to find out how much electronic addiction there is among College of Education students. how it differs between males and females. and how it changes with grade (second-fourth). The research sample was made up of (150) students. both men and women. Distinguished strength. constructive validity. face validity. and stability). the results were applied. and the SPSS statistical programme was used to pull out the results. The results showed that students have an electronic addiction. that there are statistically significant differences based on gender. and that there are no statistically significant differences based on classroom for males (second- fourth).

The current research aims to identify the effect of an educational program on developing creativity and movement in kindergarten children. To achieve this goal. the researcher constructed a creativity test consisting of (4) activities according to the theory of (Torrance). and an educational program consisting of (12) lessons was also constructed and after verifying the validity and stability. they were applied to a sample of (60) boys and girls who were distributed into two experimental and control groups. After processing the data statistically. the results showed that the educational program used had a positive effect on developing creativity among kindergarten children. and movement. The researcher recommended the kindergarten management to pay attention to movement. drawing and music activities; since they have an effect on the development of creative thinking in children and the researcher suggested conducting a study on the effect of the gender variable on children's creative thinking.

The research aimed to identify the level of positive social behavior and the quality of friendship and the relationship between them among middle school students affiliated with the Representative Office of Erbil. And the detection of differences according to the variable (sex - stage). The basic research sample was (240) male and female students. with (138) males and (102) females. The two scales were prepared by the researchers and the validity and reliability were extracted. and they were (0.83) and (0.82). respectively. The data was statistically processed using the statistical package (SPSS). and the researchers reached a set of results that the level of positive social behavior among middle school students is within the average level. as well as the quality of friendship. It was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between positive social behavior and the quality of friendship among middle school students. There is a statistically significant difference in the positive social behavior variable according to the gender variable and in favor of male students. and there is no significant statistical difference for the branch (scientific-literary). and the absence of a statistically significant difference in the quality of friendship according to the variables of gender and branch for middle school students. The researchers developed a set of recommendations and suggestions in light of the conclusions reached by the research.

The aim of the research is to identify the psychological flow among students of History Department at College of Education for Human Sciences. differences in psychological flow according to the sex variables (male-female) and the grade (second-fourth). the research sample consisted of 100 students. the researcher relied on the psychological flow scale applied by (Zaki and Al-Nawaab. 2019) prepared by (Jackson & Marsh. 1996) and translated by (Al-Akili & Mohammedawi. 2015). after extracting the validity and stability. the test was applied and the results extracted by (SPSS). The results showed that students have a psychological flow. there are statistically significant differences according to the sex variable and in favor of females. there are no statistically significant differences according to the grade variable (second-fourth).

The study aims to investigate the effect of the Eclectic Method on EFL preparatory school students’ achievement in writing through finding out:
1. the average level of the EFL fifth year-scientific (biology) preparatory school students’ achievement in writing.
2. whether there is any significant difference between the achievement of the experimental group and that of the control group, in the posttest.
3. finding out whether there is any significant difference between the students' achievement at the recognition and the production levels, of the posttest.
These aims have been achieved through verifying the following hypotheses:
1. The mean scores of the EFL fifth year preparatory school students’ achievement is within the theoretical mean scores of achievement in writing.
2. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group’s achievement and that of the control group’s achievement, in the posttest.
3. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the students’ performance at the recognition level and that at the production level, of the posttest
To verify the hypotheses of this study, a sample of sixty-six female students who represent 17% of its original population have been randomly selected from the fifth year-scientific (biology) of the preparatory school students in Al-Asmaii Preparatory School for Girls, and divided them into two equal groups, i.e. experimental and control groups. Both groups are equalized in their ages, parents’ academic attainment, and students’ scores in the pretest.
The two groups have been taught the same material, English for Iraq, 5th Preparatory Student’s Book, by using the Eclectic Method for the experimental group and the traditional method for the control group. An achievement test of five questions has been constructed, validated, its reliability is obtained, its items have been analyzed and then applied to the two groups of the study. The collected data has been statistically analyzed and the obtained results are as follows:
1. There is a significant difference between the students’ average level of achievement in writing and the theoretical level of achievement, and in favour of the former.
2. There is a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of the control group’s achievement in the posttest, and in favour of the experimental group.
3. There is no significant difference in the mean scores of the students’ achievement at the recognition level and that at the production level, of the posttest.
Finally, in the light of the obtained results, a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions have been put forward for future work.

 

Values are a social phenomenon in all human societies despite the difference in urbanization and civility, and if these values differ from one society to another and from one person to another within the same society, they play a major role in the cohesion and stability of society, and the rejection of all manifestations of violence and abhorrent extremism. Accordingly, knowing and studying values helps to understand the general philosophy of any society whose members share certain values, in which the national and global dimension of coexistence with the other on the basis of truth, justice, dignity and mutual respect overlap and interact. A true value dimension of rights as standards regulating the relationship between right and duty between individuals and groups, so they realize the importance of the relationship that exists between them and the value system to preserve the identity of the nation, and this is what makes society perform its function properly.
And that Islam made the values and virtues of the main pillars and stents on which it was built, as the correct doctrine is the first source of noble moral values, he said: Glory be to Him, So set your face upright for the religion, the nature upon which God created people. Do not substitute for God's creation that valuable religion, but most people do not know (Surat Al-Rum / 30) and he also said, “And they were not commanded except to worship God sincerely to Him in religion, and to establish prayer and pay zakat, and that is religion value” (Surat Al-Bayena/ 5), And the Messenger said, “I have been sent to perfect morals.” Imam Ahmad.

The research aims to measure the level of existential anxiety among students of the University of Mosul. and to identify the statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the level of existential anxiety among the research sample according to the gender variable (male. female) and the type of specialization variable (scientific. human).
The main research sample consisted of (740) male and female students who were chosen by the proportional stratified random method from the third grade in the faculties of the University of Mosul for the academic year (2021 - 2022).
To achieve the objectives of the research. the researcher built a scale to measure existential anxiety. as the number of its paragraphs reached (59) items distributed over five dimensions. The standard characteristics of the scale were verified. and the apparent and structural validity were found. The stability of the scale was extracted by re-testing. as the value of the reliability coefficient was (0.898). and by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. where the reliability coefficient was (0.811).
The results showed that the third-grade students from the faculties of the University of Mosul have a statistically significant difference in favor of the hypothetical average. and this means that the students of the University of Mosul do not have existential anxiety. The results also showed the absence of a statistically significant difference. and this means that there is no difference that can be attributed to the variable of gender (male - female) among students of the University of Mosul in the level of existential anxiety. and there is no statistically significant difference that can be attributed to the variable of the type of specialization (scientific - human) among students Mosul University in the level of existential anxiety.

The research aims to identify the regions producing solar energy in Iraq based on the climatic readings of sixteen stations spread across Iraq and derived from the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring for the period from (1975-2015). and the study showed clear discrepancies in the amounts of solar radiation in the study area. Because of the astronomical site And the impact of weather factors (such as cloudiness and dusty phenomena) the highest rates of solar radiation were for the southern and western regions. reaching - 1.600 milliwatts / cm 2 / day. which included the stations of Mosul. Sinjar and Ramadi. as well as Rutba. Baghdad. Diwaniyah. Al Hay and Samawah. accordingly the area was divided The study is divided into three solar energy producing regions. The first represents the high energy region and constitutes (49.66%) of the area of the study area. This region covers a large area of the western plateau and alluvial plain. and this region has the highest rate of solar radiation. which ranges between 460.77 - 477.63 milliwatts / cm 2 / day within the stations of Basra. Samawah and Al Hay. as well as Al Diwaniyah and Al Rutbah. The amount of solar energy received is large enough to be exploited. The second is the medium solar energy region with a percentage of (25.81%). and this region includes part of the sedimentary plain and the western plateau. and the third is the limited solar energy region. This region occupies a percentage (24.53%) and includes the mountainous and undulating region of Iraq. as the rates of solar radiation ranged from what Between 445.23-428.74 milliwatts/cm2/day. this region has the lowest rates of solar radiation compared to the previous two regions. The second is the medium solar energy region with a percentage of (25.81%). and this region includes part of the sedimentary plain and the western plateau. and the third is the limited solar energy region. This region occupies a percentage (24.53%) and includes the mountainous and undulating region of Iraq. as the rates of solar radiation ranged from what Between 445.23-428.74 milliwatts/cm2/day. this region has the lowest rates of solar radiation compared to the previous two regions.
 

A strategic location within Nineveh province and possesses international borders with the Syrian Arab Republic through border port through the border port of Rabia-Al Yarubia in the judiciary. as the availability of natural ingredients on Extension of 3448 km2 MANST 83.23 % of Nineveh province. and is the most prominent of these ingredients: The effectiveness of agricultural land with high predictability. natural water resources and the appropriate climate of cultivation of different crops Especially vegetables and fruits. and human resources represented by the population of 552107 in accordance with estimates of 13.69% of Nineveh province. the spend of Tal Afar with the largest irrigation project in Nineveh province The Northern peninsula project. provides various power grid and various transport methods. and the city of Mosul and other districts within Nineveh and neighboring areas of agricultural products from crops fall within the canning industry. all of which are mentioned in the establishment of a factory for fruits and vegetables in accordance with other positioning standards within Tal Afar district. with research found to identify three important sites in this and all are valid to be a blog site to encourage the national in the province and achieve self-sufficiency As shown in the map (10). as part of the research board to identify three location suitable for the establishment of industrial projects. the first location according to the country's residents of Tal Afar and from the disadvantages of this site after services. and after the large markets such as the city of Mosul with a distance of 71 km And other cities with different distances and this adds to the value of the factory product wages extra transmission. which in turn increases the manufactured. and the second location according to the urban population in the spend of Tal Afar Taben that site is to provide relatively distinguished features of defects other locations. the third location according to the geographical province of neighboring cities to spend Tel Afar and this site also has many defects mentioned in the search board.

The People republic of China is considered one of the great countries and a main center that polarizes the people all over the world. It has an important strategic and geo-strategic importance on both the regional and the international levels due to the geographical resources such as the area, population number, location, the natural, economic, mineral, agricultural, water resources as well as the variety of climate. All this provides China a great opportunity for the diversified economic activity that makes China enjoy a prominent role in the globe.
It is argued that as China has all these potentials, it might climb to the top of the international system and thus it will threaten the international peace. From the other hand, other think that this will not take place and because of this argument, this research came to existence to clarify the major characteristics of the economic structure in addition to the geo-economic weight and the role played by China in redrawing the features of the international system.

Maize is one of the world's most important food crops after wheat and rice, characterized by its high nutritional value, and also outperforms wheat by the carbohydrates it contains. Moreover, they tend to provide high productivity per unit of land, making them a major crop in ensuring food availability and enhancing consumers' food security. On the other side, maize contributes to securing animal feed and is widely used in many industrial products, such as the starch industry and Maize oil to name a few. The maize crop is grown in almost all countries of the world and has occupied an area of 1600,000 km2 in 2019 at the global level. One of the most important things that distinguishes maize from other strategic crops is that it can be consumed directly without the need to remove crusts as with other strategic crops such as wheat and barley.
Therefore, the research aims to develop a new methodology for cartographic modelling in addressing the suitability of physical factors for the cultivation of maize crop in the Erbil plain, based on global standards, and thus to provide a spatial document for decision makers, which can be used in the agricultural planning process and the sustainability of agricultural land.
The research has found a series of important findings. Cartographic modelling is a successful methodology for transforming numerical criteria and variables into mathematically treatable maps to shed light on the mechanics of the modeled phenomenon, thus moving the map from the illustration stage to the geographical thinking stage. Basically, cartographic modeling has also revealed that agricultural land in the Erbil plain district has a high potential for containing the cultivation of maize crop, due to the settlement of higher varieties of suitability of natural properties on its cultivation in large areas of the judiciary estimated at 37.13%. 

The current study investigates the effectiveness of concept-based instruction on teaching the speech acts فخ Iraqi EFL learners. The sample of the study has been selected from third year students, Department of English, College of Education for Humanities / University of Mosul for the academic year 2017-2018. The study applies Galperin’s (1978) model of concept-based instruction to teach speech acts of face-threatening nature, namely; refusal, warning and order through a course in conversation.
The research deploys discourse completion tests and role-play tests to elucidate data for statistical treatment. The research adopts Hudson et.al's (1995) model to evaluate students’ performance for the discourse completion and role-play tests. The model has been slightly modified in order to suit the aims of the research. The two-groups experimental design is employed and T test for two independent s is applied in statistical treatments. The statistical treatment shows statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the DCT and the role-play test between the CBI oriented group and the Audio-lingual oriented group in proper use of speech acts of refusal, warning and order in favor of the CBI oriented group. Hence, the posed hypothesis is approved.

Relatively, little is known about presupposition triggers that the supervisors employ to communicate with their research students. In addition, it is unknown whether presupposition triggers can help determine the supervisors' mode of interaction across the stages of the supervisory process and the dominant mode throughout the entire process. The present research seeks to investigate the supervisors’ use of the presupposition triggers in assertive speech acts while presenting their oral feedback. The study traces the supervisors’ use of the presupposition triggers throughout the stages of writing the thesis. Also, it aims at finding if presupposition triggers in Assertives can be used to identify the mode of interaction at each stage and the dominant one employed by the supervisors throughout the entire process. The study adopts an eclectic model that combines two parts. The first part is based mainly on Karttunen's (1971) presupposition triggers as explained in Levinson's (1983) and Yule's (1996). The second part comprises Heron's (1976) six-category intervention analysis. The data has been approached qualitatively; in addition, some instruments from the quantitative method are used, such as percentages and some mathematical statistics, to explore the correlation between the presupposition triggers under-study and the supervisory mode of interaction. The data analysis concludes that presupposition triggers in Assertives can be used to determine the supervisors’ mode of interaction throughout the various stages of the supervisory process and identify the dominant mode of interaction across the entire supervisory process. Besides, the findings show that the authoritative mode is the dominant mode of interaction employed by the supervisors throughout the various stages of the supervisory process.

This research paper adopts a sociolinguistic approach to the language change in the Neo-Aramaic language, in general, and particularly the role of code-switching as the initial mechanism of change. The significance of this paper might be due to the lack of research about Neo-Aramaic as a descendent of Aramaic, which is one of the most ancient languages ever existed. This study is a reaction to the problem of the constant language change that is happening in the Neo-Aramaic language affecting its identity through the contact with other languages. The Aim, in this respect, is to investigate the role of code-switching as an agent of language change and evaluating the status of Neo-Aramaic as an endangered language. Therefore, it is hypothesized that code-switching is the first step to borrowing and questions such as “how does code-switching lead to language change?” and “which linguistic categories are being code-switched and hence more likely to be changed?” are used to achieve the research’s aims.
Data collection is made by using recorded sociolinguistic interviews for 30 native speakers of Neo-Aramaic in a total of 10 hours of speech. Age is the social variable to determine the extent of change by analyzing code-switching occurrences qualitatively and linking them to the socio-historical profile of the chosen area. In a conclusion, code-switching appears to be a significant factor for language change and Neo-Aramaic is rapidly reaching what is called ‘language suicide’.

Abstract
The present paper argues that Elizabeth Barrett Browning in her poem “The Cry of the Children” criticizes the exploitation of the children in mines and factories by employing a distinctive poetic persona. This persona is overlapped between the voice of an empathetic speaker and the voice of the abused children themselves. The poetess uses this persona effectively in order to give a voice to the exploited children who were voiceless and subaltern. Aesthetically, the poetess presented her voice as a harsh critique to subvert the dehumanized exploitation of child labor in mines and factories and social injustice in Britain in the Victorian period.

Because of Iraq’s location and natural resources, it became the land of political interest and greed for other nations that seek and insist on destroying and scattering its people for the sake of their benefits. Iraq has been involved in a lot of wars and casualties through the years, which has rendered violence a constant image of how the situation was depicted in Iraqi and even non-Iraqi literature. Accordingly, post-2003 fiction has crowned two concepts: violence and terror as an un-shakable depiction of the situation in Iraq. Many Scholars have discussed the concept of violence mostly in its direct form but it is much more complex than that. The current study aims at investigating the reasons behind pinpointing violence as a constant depiction of how and why Iraqi fiction is always viewed, represented and tainted with cruelty, terror, and violence. The study endeavors to explore the concept of violence and terror in Sinan Antoon’s The Corps Washer, as a sample, by adapting and integrating direct, structural, and cultural violence in analyzing this novel. It will be carried out in the light of Galtung’s triangle of violence in the context of Galtung’s conflict theory.

This research paper follows Quirk, et al. model (1985) that deals with grammar from different perspectives; syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Dangling modifiers in English are, therefore, studied here eclectically, since they are ambiguous, rich and multifunctional structures. Due to the fact that there hasn't been any research that focuses on dangling modifiers eclectically, this paper might be of a considerable value in this regard.
The problem of this study is to determine how can we investigate dangling modifiers in all of their varieties eclectically and how do they impact sentence’s comprehension. In this respect, there are a number of questions and hypotheses that are utilized as tentative tests for the treatment of the problem tackled here. One of the most striking hypothesis given here is that dangling modifiers affect the entirety of sentences, including all of their constituent words, rather than just the words they modify. To test the reliability as well as credibility, the data samples consisting 10 distinct texts, as typical samples of the overall corpus consisting of 50 texts, have been gathered from literary works, linguistic textbooks, periodicals, and news reports. These samples have been examined in accordance with the theoretical principles of the multidisciplinary approach depicted in Quirk, et al. model (1985).

This research deals with an important pillar of the grammar lesson, which is represented in the statement of the effect of the derivatives in the formation of a number of grammatical functions, such as the predicate, the adverb, and others, in addition to counting this phenomenon as a condition for accepting these functions and deducting their provisions
Perhaps this important impact opens a door to understanding what the grammarians have in mind of the purposes that make the recipient not fall into the possibilities of a problem and a closed ambiguity when studying those rules in a precise manner, because the interpretation to be studied is an interpretation accepted by grammatical thought, and considered by linguistic taste, and makes it an argument for accepting the rule and not objecting to it.
On this basis, the idea of this study was launched to delve into the depths of the grammatical chapters and to bring out the functions that require interpretation in the derivation in order to achieve the desired goal and to be close to it, and to ensure that it is presented according to a scientific methodology that develops from the excellence of the rules with the acceptable breadth that takes into account the addressee and makes it close to its significance.