Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences

This research aimed to determine the impact of the shared identity strategy on scientific thinking in the ethics of the teaching profession course for students in educational and psychological sciences departments. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated the null hypothesis, which states: "There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group, which studied the ethics of the teaching profession course using the shared identity strategy, and the mean scores of the control group, which studied the same course using the traditional scientific thinking method." The research sample consisted of 110 students (55 students in the experimental group and 55 students in the control group) during the first semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. The researcher developed a scientific thinking scale consisting of 30 two-point items (0-1), and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The scale was then administered to the research sample, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant difference in the scientific thinking scale, favoring the experimental group.

This research aims to identify the social dimensions of criminal mediation and its role in reducing the negative consequences of criminal conviction. The research addresses the concept of criminal mediation, its legal nature, significance, conditions of application, and its role in resolving minor criminal disputes within the framework of restorative justice.The findings indicate that criminal mediation contributes to reducing the social stigma associated with conviction, preserving social relationships, and promoting the reintegration of offenders into society. It also plays a significant role in strengthening social peace and mitigating conflicts. Furthermore, the research demonstrates that criminal mediation is an effective mechanism for achieving restorative justice and limiting the social impacts of criminal conviction.

Studying the role of educational institutions in confronting intellectual terrorism in Iraq is a crucial and vital topic. Educational institutions, regardless of their specific names, are among the most effective tools for intellectual prevention and building societal awareness. This is especially true given that Iraq, after 2003, witnessed a significant and impactful surge in manifestations of intellectual extremism. This was perhaps a consequence of the unstable political, security, and social conditions during that period, which had a negative impact on society in general and on youth in particular. The aim of this research is to define the concept of intellectual terrorism and highlight the role of schools, universities, and other educational institutions in promoting the values of tolerance, moderation, and citizenship within society, as well as developing critical thinking skills among students. This contributes to curbing the spread of extremist ideas. Furthermore, the research clarifies the role of educational curricula and teachers in intellectually fortifying students. Finally, the research examines the most prominent challenges facing educational institutions in achieving their goals, particularly the lack of security and limited resources. In addition to stating the most important results and recommendations that the research concluded with, the most important of which is activating the role of the educational institution in achieving intellectual and social stability in Iraq as a key partner in the general stability of society.

Grammatical performance is a fundamental pillar in preparing Arabic language teachers, as it contributes to ensuring accurate linguistic communication and the correct transmission of knowledge in accordance with the rules and principles of the Arabic language. Based on this importance, this research examines the grammatical performance of practice students in Arabic language departments at colleges of education, as they are the future teachers responsible for preserving the integrity of the language and developing the linguistic competencies of learners. The research aims to highlight the importance of grammatical performance among practice students and to reveal the impact of mastering it on enhancing reading, writing, and speaking skills, and on improving the quality of the educational process. To achieve this, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach by relying on and analyzing relevant educational literature and previous studies. The research concluded that the weakness of grammatical performance among some practice students represents an educational and linguistic challenge that may negatively affect the level of Arabic language teaching, especially given the prevalence of colloquial dialects and the limited adherence to Standard Arabic in some educational situations. The research also highlighted the close relationship between mastering grammar rules and developing language skills and the ability to communicate effectively, emphasizing that grammar is not an end in itself, but rather a means to achieve clear expression and accurate understanding. In light of this, the research recommended the necessity of developing programs for preparing students in Arabic language departments, enhancing practical training in grammatical skills, and adopting modern teaching methods that contribute to consolidating the use of Standard Arabic and developing the linguistic competencies of students, which will positively impact the outcomes of the educational process and prepare generations with a solid linguistic foundation.

The proliferation of autonomous vehicles (AVs) represents a radical technological transformation that extends far beyond the transportation sector, fundamentally challenging the conceptual foundations of civil liability law. Equipped with sophisticated sensor arrays and complex decision-making algorithms, AVs are increasingly capable of navigating and maneuvering with a level of autonomy that progressively diminishes, and may ultimately eliminate, human driver control. This technological reality generates a fundamental legal question: when an accident results from a decision made by the autonomous system rather than a human driver, who bears civil responsibility? This study analyzes the adequacy of existing civil liability frameworks for AV accidents, surveying comparative legislative and judicial developments in the United States, European Union, and United Kingdom, before proposing a renewed liability theory that overcomes traditional framework deficiencies while balancing victim protection with technological innovation incentives.

Abstract:
This research aims to study the spatial reality of private education services in Al-Hamza City and analyze the characteristics of their geographical distribution and their functional efficiency in meeting the educational needs of the population. This is achieved through spatial analysis methods. The study's importance stems from the increasing expansion of the private education sector and its role in supporting government educational institutions and accommodating population growth and the rising demand for educational services. The study comprises three sections. The first section addresses the geographical distribution of private schools in Al-Hamza City. The locations of private educational institutions were identified, and their spread across different residential neighborhoods was monitored. The results revealed a clear spatial variation in the distribution of private schools, with a large number concentrated in densely populated areas and major urban centers. The second section focuses on the spatial distribution patterns of private education services in Al-Hamza City by applying spatial analysis indicators such as the average center, standard distance, and nearest neighbor analysis. The third section examines the functional efficiency of private education services and the spatial criteria used in their evaluation. This involves measuring the adequacy of the number of schools and their capacity, and comparing them with applicable planning standards. The study concluded that private education services in Al-Hamza City play a vital role in supporting the educational process. However, their spatial distribution still suffers from some imbalances that require planning intervention to ensure equitable service distribution and enhance their operational efficiency. The study recommended adopting spatial analysis in the future planning of private educational institutions, expanding the establishment of schools in underserved areas, and achieving a balance between the demand for educational services and the locations of educational institutions. This will contribute to improving the quality of education and the efficiency of services provided to the population.

This research examines a contextual linguistic phenomenon, namely syntactic deviation, in the poetry of Hammad Ajrad, a poet of the Abbasid era. This is achieved by observing this phenomenon in his poetry, through two sections. The first section is dedicated to defining syntactic deviation and explaining its most common patterns, namely fronting, backshifting, and ellipsis. The second section is dedicated to an applied study by examining examples of these two syntactic deviation structures in the poet's work. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted, and the research concluded with a set of data and conclusions, the most prominent of which was demonstrating the semantic impact of syntactic deviation in Ajrad's poetry. It served as an important means of achieving poetic quality in his texts and achieving a significant effect on the intended meaning.

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This study examined the effect of using the Telegram application during the COVID-19 pandemic on the speaking skills of Iraqi EFL secondary school students. The rapid development of educational technology and online learning platforms is pushing teachers to integrate mobile applications into English language instruction. Among these applications, Telegram has become one of the most popular communication tools due to its accessibility, adaptability and interactive features that make language learning easier. The purpose of the study is to find out whether the use of Telegram instead of traditional classroom instruction improves students’ communication and speaking accuracy. It also examines the effect of personality traits such as extroversion, introversion, neuroticism, and stability on learners’ speaking skills in virtual learning environments. The study was conducted among Iraqi secondary school students aged between 15 and 18 years. The learners' personality traits are measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Quick Oxford Placement Test (OPT) is used to ensure homogeneity. The research uses the experimental method, where students participate in online learning through telegram for twelve weeks. Speaking activities include storytelling, oral presentations, graphic descriptions, conversations, video analysis, and news reporting. Pre- and post-tests are completed in which students’ speech accuracy is checked by Telegram video calls. Moreover, an attitude questionnaire is provided to know the students’ attitude towards online education and the use of Telegram in teaching English language. The results of this study should indicate that Telegram improves students’ speaking skills significantly by improving interaction, motivation, autonomy, and chances for communication out of the classroom. The research findings also stress the importance of integrating mobile applications for language learning in Iraqi educational contexts, particularly during significant times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the results may assist educators, curriculum designers and educational decision makers to implement more successful technology solutions for enhancing English language learning and developing students’ communicative competence.

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Context is one of important topics that linguists , both ancient and modern Arab and non Arab , have researched . They have shown that a word has multiple meanings that can be understood according to the context has a significant impact on revealing the miraculous nature of the word and its multiple connotations, which must be understood within the specific text in which it appears . The efforts of Arabic scholars in this field were considerable , especially in the area of what are called specialized dictionaries ,which are books of synonyms and homonyms . These books demonstrated that the Quran has a unique context in its choice of words , as a word or phrase has no specific meaning outside of its context , and that a word has multiple synonyms and different facts of meaning .

This research focuses on highlighting the importance of the role of the Qur’anic context in directing meaning according to the interpreters, especially Sheikh Naser Makarem Shirazi in his interpretation Al-Amthal fi Tafsir Kitab Allah al-Munzal. The Qur’anic context is considered one of the most important foundations and principles relied upon by the exegete in order to reach the true meaning that leaves no room for doubt. This is achieved through observing the textual context before and after the verse intended for interpretation, while taking into account the context of the verse, the context of the surah, and the context of the Holy Qur’an as a whole in order to arrive at the intended meaning.

This research, "Generalization of the Mapping of Anbar Governorate Boundaries," aims to apply a statistical cartographic algebra method for the automated generalization of Anbar Governorate boundaries. It highlights the importance of the study's applied results through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. The research also addresses the challenges encountered in representing the mapping process. The study employed quantitative, inductive, and technical methods, specifically GIS software, to prepare the mapping maps. The study concluded that mapping plays a fundamental role in improving the ability to understand and analyze geographic data, thus enhancing the efficiency of GIS and facilitating decision-making. Smaller scales reveal map details, and boundary irregularities are more clearly displayed than at larger scales. Generalization helps improve the performance of GIS by reducing the amount of data required for processing.

Our Semitic Arabic language is distinguished from other languages. It was honored to be the first language to appear among languages as the language of the Holy Quran. It is the language of the Arabs, the tongue of their primary communication, and the language of their poetry and prose. It is a language characterized by its renewal, expansion, and adaptability to the linguistic forms in which it was formed. It is both inflected and uninflected, and it contains simple and complex linguistic styles. As the situation demands, we find our language distinguished, giving general topics their due. The linguistic creativity in the manifestations of the Arabic language and the diversity of its formations have made it a language that constitutes a heavy burden for the West, because it is the language of the Arabs' religion, their beliefs, and their heritage. The Holy Quran was revealed only in the language of the Bedouin Arabs, and it did not deviate from the ancient Arab heritage in order to keep pace with the conditions of the Arabs at that time. Its revelation in stages, like the stars of the sky, is nothing but an indication of preparing them to begin accepting a new religion that represents their heritage but has new rulings that guide people in the direction that Heaven intended for them. The new Western colonial approach to the Arabic language, using modern technology, is nothing but a hidden manifestation of malicious and hateful Western intentions towards Arabs and their Semitic language. Western policies have prevented the preservation of Arabic, so they attempt to control it subtly, poisoning the well through desperate attempts to spread a new language in new forms via social media platforms. This language is either composed of Arabic words written with Latin letters, or of hybridized Arabic words (combining Arabic letters with Latin numbers and symbols). These hybrid words have produced a language understood by its users, known as "chat language," which has become popular and easier to use than Arabic. We see it spreading even among adults, not only on social media but also influencing the names of shops, supermarkets, games, and many other things. Therefore, this researcher aims to examine this phenomenon, offer new insights for those concerned, and propose solutions. Modern approaches include focusing on the mother tongue, engaging with social media platforms, and encouraging collaboration between home, school, and those managing these platforms.

Travel books are important sources for the economic history of Iraq, as travelers who visited Iraq showed great interest in recording what they saw and heard, to the point that they drew paintings of some areas and urban scenes that interested them, drew maps, and provided statistics Among those travelers was the Dutchman, Tengku Martinus Leklama Einholt, who visited Iraq in the second half of the 19th century. He was meticulous in his observations and recorded important matters not found in other books, particularly regarding the economic aspect. He was keenly observant, deeply cultured, and broad-minded. He visited most regions of Iraq and documented significant matters related to the history of Iraq in general and Baghdad in particular, with meticulous detail. His journey is a record brimming with information and statistics, as he visited customs offices and recorded all incoming and outgoing goods. His travels took place during a pivotal period in Iraq's history, two years after his journey in 1869, the reformer Midhat Pasha assumed the governorship of Baghdad. He was the architect of major reform projects that transformed Iraq's conditions, including the opening of the Suez Canal, which shortened distances and strengthened relations between Iraq and other countries through trade. He remained in Baghdad for over six months, providing us with a detailed account of its economic conditions during the period of prosperity and the years preceding it. This account was based on his readings and observations of customs records and information received from Swiss merchants. He offered a meticulous description of the economic situation, from the decline of agriculture due to taxes to its subsequent development, and the stages of industrial growth. He also enumerated numerous factories and workshops in Baghdad, in addition to detailing trade transactions, customs and local taxes, and trade caravan

This study seeks to analyze the structure of time in the poetry of Banū Naṣr as a fundamental structural component that reflects the poet’s interaction with his reality and historical consciousness. The research adopts a structural-analytical approach that examines time on its various levels—external, psychological, and textual—while focusing on the artistic techniques that shape its presence, foremost among them: summary, omission, scene construction, flashback, and foreshadowing. The findings indicate that time in this poetry transcends its narrative function to become a means of contemplation and protest, as well as a vehicle for representing existential anxiety and the cultural transformations of the late Andalusian period. Accordingly, understanding the notion of time in the poetry of Banū Naṣr opens broader horizons for studying Andalusian poetic discourse in its later stages.

The current research aims to identify the effect of using the allogeneic learning model on the achievement of students in the History Department at the Open Education College. To verify this objective, the null hypothesis was formulated: (There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level of significance between the mean scores of the experimental group students studying according to the allogeneic learning model and the mean scores of the control group students studying the same material using the traditional method in the post-test). The experimental research method with quasi-controls was adopted, using two equal and equivalent groups. The research sample consisted of (58) male and female students in two equal groups, matched for the variables of (chronological age in months, prior achievement, and Raven's Inventory score). The subject matter consisted of (5) chapters of the Measurement and Evaluation course prescribed for third-year students in the History Department, for which (124) behavioral objectives were formulated, based on Bloom's six levels of cognitive development. (24) lesson plans were prepared for the experimental group using the allogeneic learning model, and (24) other lesson plans were prepared for the control group using the traditional method. Using the standard method, the experiment continued through the second semester of the 2025-2026 academic year. An achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items was developed based on the test map. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group. The results were interpreted, and conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for future studies were formulated.

This study seeks to demonstrate the importance of narrative performance and its study in poetry, particularly in the poetry of Hassan ibn Thabit. Literary studies, both poetic and prose, continue to evolve and advance across various fields in order to reveal their hidden essence and highlight the most significant creative achievements of poets of previous eras. The study also explores how these poets employed manifestations of narrative performance in their poetry, as such techniques expressed and portrayed particular states and experiences to readers. When the audience reads or listens to their poetry, they are transported into a world of imagination, as though experiencing a story with sequential events. Thus, the event merges with time, place, and characters to create a complete narrative distinguished by a coherent and flawless plot, resulting in an integrated and harmonious artistic work.

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This research, entitled "The Effectiveness of Antithesis in the Poetry of Mahmoud Ibn Hassan Al-Warraq: An Analytical Study," aims to identify the antithetical pairs in the poet's collected works. Antithesis is an important poetic mechanism through which the poet's creative vision is revealed, uncovering new horizons in the text for the reader. This is achieved through the difference and divergence of perspectives among readers of the same text. The antithetical pairs in Mahmoud Ibn Hassan Al-Warraq's poetry, which embody its poetic dimensions, are replete with intellectual phenomena that can be observed in the poetic experience. We note that the poet was adept at combining contradictions that solidify life. The poet was fond of the issue of antithesis, such that we find in one or two lines, or more than one, antithesis. The researcher mentions antithesis in the example and explains its nature, regardless of the type of antithesis, and it constitutes The use of antithetical duality in his poems and fragments, as textual structures and contexts, imbues them with profound meanings, elevating the poetic image to its zenith of beauty. He presents it to the reader, expressing the depth of suggestion within the poetic verse at its semantic core. Poets often employed antithetical dualities as a means of expressing admiration and beauty in their poems, particularly in intellectual, moral, ethical, and material aspects.

The Battle of Karbala, in reformist thought, is a symbol of sacrifice for principles. It is interpreted as a comprehensive reformist revolution against injustice and tyranny. It affirmed the impossibility of complete reform in a corrupt society, thus calling for adherence to authentic values and rejection of tyranny. It inspired revolutionary and reformist movements, taught lessons in courage, sacrifice, and upholding the truth, and profoundly influenced Islamic thought, with particular emphasis on the role of female leadership, specifically Lady Zaynab (peace be upon her), in perpetuating the reformist message.

This study addresses a clear question: Why do women in Baghdad embrace sus-tainable fabrics, and why do they shy away from them? The background is well-known. Sustainable fashion is a global response to the environmental and social burdens left by the fashion industry. The study has two objectives: first, to measure women's understanding of these fabrics; and second, to uncover the factors driving their purchasing decisions. These factors include environmental awareness, economic status, and design quality, in addition to marketing and media influences. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted. Data was col-lected through questionnaires and interviews, and then statistically analyzed. The hypotheses posit a link between environmental awareness and the inclination to-wards these garments, supported by the influence of economic, aesthetic, and media factors. The study's significance stems from its focus on the Iraqi market, which is still finding its way, beset by a lack of awareness and economic and cultural obstacles. The conclusion is simple: environmental education, when combined with effective marketing, expands the demand for sustainable fabrics and strengthens sustainability in Baghdad's fashion. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. The data was collected through question-naires and interviews, then subjected to statistical analysis. It is assumed that a statistically significant correlation exists between women's environmental aware-ness and their preference for sustainable clothing. This correlation is supported by economic, aesthetic, and media factors. The work is valuable because it ad-dresses a nascent market in Iraq, a market still grappling with limited awareness and economic and cultural challenges. It concludes with a clear finding: promot-ing environmental education and developing effective marketing strategies will increase demand for these fabrics and support sustainability in Baghdad's fash-ion scene.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic and legal impacts of digital currencies in Iraq, focusing on the regulatory paradox between the explicit ban on private digital currencies adopted by the Central Bank of Iraq to protect financial stability and compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) of 2015, and the urgent need to achieve the goals of the ambitious National Financial Inclusion Strategy. The strategy aims to raise the percentage of official account ownership from 19% currently to 50% by 2030, and to increase digital payments from their low levels, as 90% of service bills and 64% of government transactions are still paid in cash. The importance of this research lies in bridging the gap between financial legislation and developmental necessity, through an integrated methodology that combines a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the legal framework, a comparative approach with international experiences (such as the UAE and Bahrain), and an inductive approach to derive recommendations. This is supported by advanced quantitative methods, including GARCH models to measure the impact of global digital currency fluctuations, and logistic regression to identify drivers of digital service adoption. The study tested four main hypotheses, whose results confirmed: the inadequacy of the current legal framework based on prohibition to fully comply with FATF standards; a statistically significant downward impact (GAMMA coefficient of 0.082, P-Value = 0.0404) from global crypto markets to the Iraqi exchange market; the role of trust in the Central Bank as the strongest driver of digital payment adoption (increasing the likelihood by 7.24 times); and finally, that "Smart Regulation" policies and the adoption of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) outperform the ban in achieving financial stability and promoting financial inclusion.

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The historical study of the lives of intellectuals, scholars, and scholarly families represents an important pillar in understanding the history of an entire people in its various dimensions. Iraq, in particular, has been distinguished by its deep civilizational heritage, which clearly influenced its people and their role in shaping historical events. These roles, however, varied from one city to another according to the differing circumstances of each region.
For this reason, many historical studies have focused on shedding light on numerous figures and examining the history of families that contributed to these events, among them the Al-Haidari family. Although there are many documented academic studies that have addressed parts of the family’s history, there remains considerable scope for further research, especially since some members of the Al-Haidari family are still surrounded by a degree of ambiguity. In addition, there have been attempts to conceal certain facts and avoid disclosing them by those concerned. Furthermore, most previous studies concentrated on one individual from the family or specialized in only one aspect of its diverse history.
Therefore, this study draws inspiration from those previous works to present a comprehensive examination of the history of the Al-Haidari family, beginning with its earliest historical roots and reviewing its various dimensions, prominent figures, and their different roles, while also attempting to uncover new and reliable information concerning the family. Here lies the significance of this study.
The study aims to answer a number of questions that may arise in the minds of researchers interested in the history of religious and scholarly families, including the Al-Haidari family, or in the study of modern Iraqi history. Among these questions are: What factors led the Al-Haidari family to transition from a nomadic lifestyle to one characterized by civilization and urban development? Did the upbringing and religious education received by members of the Al-Haidari family have a clear impact on their intellectual, literary, and scholarly contributions? In what way did political engagement influence this contribution? Were there clear political positions that reflected this role? And was the family able to preserve its historical, intellectual, and political legacy as a beneficial inheritance for future generations? These and other questions are what this study seeks to answer through a scientific and analytical approach. The study consists of three chapters, a conclusion, and a collection of appendices, in addition to this introduction, which explains the importance of the study. The first chapter, entitled “The Al-Haidari Family in Iraqi Kurdistan and Their Historical Roots,” is divided into three sections. The first section examines the genealogy and historical background of the Al-Haidari family. The second section discusses the migration of the Al-Haidari family and the reasons behind their movement to Iraq. The third section focuses on the most prominent religious figures of the Al-Haidari family.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the WebQuest strategy in developing geographical analytical thinking skills among fifth-grade literary students in Geography. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-testing procedures. The study sample consisted of 60 students, randomly assigned to an experimental group taught through the WebQuest strategy and a control group taught using the conventional instructional method. A Geographical Analytical Thinking Skills Test was developed to assess three major skills: identifying elements, recognizing relationships, and organizing ideas. Following the implementation of the experiment, the collected data were analyzed using the independent-samples t-test and Eta squared (η²) to determine the magnitude of the instructional effect. The findings indicated a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level in favor of the experimental group on the post-test of geographical analytical thinking skills. The experimental group achieved a higher mean score (M = 27.13) than the control group (M = 21.36). Furthermore, the calculated t-value (5.27) exceeded the critical value, confirming the effectiveness of the WebQuest strategy. The effect size, as measured by Eta squared (η² = 0.32), was large, indicating that approximately 32% of the variance in students’ geographical analytical thinking skills could be attributed to the use of the WebQuest strategy. In light of these findings, the study recommends integrating WebQuest-based activities into Geography curricula and providing teachers with adequate training in the design and implementation of WebQuest learning environments to enhance higher-order thinking skills among students

Flash floods are considered a geomorphological hazard with serious environmental and economic repercussions, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This phenomenon poses structural challenges that require substantial economic investments to address its destructive effects. From a hydrological perspective, flash floods are not simply ordinary water flows, but rather exceptional events characterized by their massive discharge volume and short duration, as well as their "random" nature, which prevents the development of accurate predictive models for their regular occurrence. In the study area, a combination of natural factors creates a fertile environment for the emergence of this phenomenon. Climate emerges as a primary factor due to the combination of rainfall with sudden intensity and short duration. This is amplified by the morphometric characteristics of the land and dry valleys, where the topographic slope (from southwest to northeast) plays a pivotal role in accelerating the flow energy. This transforms steep slopes into active watercourses, leading to the activation of geomorphological processes such as erosion, weathering, sweeping, and sediment transport. Therefore, the core objective of this study is to monitor and evaluate the geomorphological impacts of flash floods, analyze their repercussions on ecosystems, and economic and service facilities. The research concludes by proposing strategic solutions based on early warning technologies. Predictive modeling, along with providing an integrated management vision that goes beyond mere risk mitigation to focus on investing in flowing water and developing harvesting technologies, transforms this environmental challenge into a sustainable water resource that serves local economic development.

This study aims to analyze the weather conditions associated with cloud cover events (Octas 9) in Iraq and to reveal the spatial and temporal variation in the frequency of these events and their relationship to climatic elements. The study relied on hourly recordings from meteorological stations for the period 1988-2022. The study included climatic elements (temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed). The study found a clear spatial and temporal variation among meteorological stations in recording the frequency of these events. The Baghdad station recorded the highest total of 12,942 hours, followed by the Mosul station with the second highest total of 9,187 hours. The study also revealed variations in the weather elements associated with the frequency of cloud cover events (Octas 9) throughout the year, depending on the location of each station. The average annual temperature associated with cloud cover events was 18.5°C, the average atmospheric pressure was 1009.6 millibars, and the average relative humidity was 61%. However, the study also showed high rainfall amounts associated with these cloud cover events. Cloudy; as the total number of annual rainfall cases reached (4953) cases, while the annual average of wind speeds associated with this category reached (4.1) m/s.

This study aims to investigate the effect of employing generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) in developing historical analysis skills among fifth preparatory literary students in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design involving two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 200 students distributed equally across four schools in which the literary track is available. To achieve the study’s objectives, a historical analysis skills test was developed, consisting of 30 items distributed across four main skills: document analysis, event interpretation, historical inference, and chronological sequencing. A ChatGPT-based instructional program was implemented over a four-week period during September 2025. The pre-test results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups, indicating their equivalence. In contrast, the post-test results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group, with a mean score of 23.87 compared to 15.21, and a t-value of 13.41 at the 0.05 significance level, in addition to a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 2.30). Item-level analysis further demonstrated clear improvement among the experimental group in document interpretation, causal reasoning, inference, and chronological understanding, while the control group continued to face the same difficulties. The study concludes that employing ChatGPT represents an effective approach for developing historical analysis skills among preparatory-stage students. It recommends integrating ChatGPT into history instruction and providing teachers with training on its pedagogical use.

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of wind erosion and assess its impact on the archaeological sites in the Lagash region, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Wind erosion is one of the most prominent natural factors affecting the stability of archaeological sites, as it contributes to the removal, transport, and accumulation of sediments around structures, leading to their deterioration over time. The study relied on integrating climatic, topographic, soil, and land cover data with spatial analysis techniques to produce maps illustrating risk areas and levels of erosion exposure to archaeological sites. Spatial modeling also contributes to identifying the most vulnerable sites and prioritizing protection and maintenance, thus supporting efforts to preserve cultural heritage and promoting the use of modern geographic technologies in archaeological site management.

This research aims to identify coping efficiency and motor response speed among futsal players, and to determine the nature of the correlation between coping efficiency and motor response speed in futsal players. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using survey and correlational methods, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population was defined as futsal players from clubs participating in the Youth League for the 2025 sports season, totaling (224) players representing (16) clubs. (10) players were selected for the pilot sample, (80) players for the control sample, and (30) players for the main sample. The study employed the 24-item Coping Efficiency Scale and the Nelson Test of Motor Response Speed. The most significant finding was a statistically significant inverse correlation between coping efficiency and motor response speed in futsal players. Furthermore, a higher level of coping efficiency contributes to reduced motor response time and improved performance speed during various game situations. Key recommendations included the necessity for coaches to focus on developing coping efficiency in futsal players through psychological and guidance programs integrated into training, and to emphasize the inclusion of exercises that enhance motor response speed within players' training sessions.

This article explores how imperial adventure fiction constructs imperial masculinity as what could be called "extractive masculinity," a form of masculinity that is created through mining, owning, risking, even killing, and colonial conversion of land and people into wealth. By engaging in close reading of each of the texts, it compares H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines (1885) and Allan Quatermain (1887) with Joseph Conrad's Nostromo (1904) and reveals that the buried hoard, the diamond mine, and the silver ingot are never neutral objects but symbols of organisation that tie together empire, race, capital, and manhood. A displayed text sample is provided with each analytical claim that is directly quoted from the novels. In Haggard's romances, extraction is justified as a criterion for courageous conquest and white male authority, colonizing Africa's mineral resources as a proving ground for bravery and a right of the gentleman-adventurer, and feminising, mapping and emptying of the colonial terrain. Conrad's Nostromo, on the other hand, is about the decaying masculinity of silver, revealing the moral rot and self-destructive thinking of imperial capitalism and its foreign finance. The article follows a trajectory from 'heroic fantasy of extraction' to 'psychological and political crisis of extraction', informed by postcolonial theory, masculinity studies and postcolonial ecocriticism.

This research aims to study place in the narratives of the writer Saleh Matrouh Al-Saidi, revealing its construction mechanisms and semantic functions, and clarifying its relationship to the other elements of the narrative text. It employs the descriptive-analytical method as the appropriate methodological tool for analyzing spatial structures and elucidating their manifestations. The research is organized into two sections. The first section, which sheds light on the writer's literary career, includes three subsections addressing the concept of place in language and terminology, the psychological manifestation of place, and the manifestations of spatial construction and its connotations. The second section examines the impact of description on spatial construction, the role of characters' voices in shaping it, and the relationship between the intersection of time and spatial construction. It also explores place as a space for the manifestation of identity and belonging, concluding with a summary of the most significant findings.

The current study aimed to investigate the following: 1- Career Future Anxiety at Evening school students. 2- Psychological Empowerment at Evening school students. 3- The nature of the relationship between Career Future Anxiety and Psychological Empowerment at Evening school students, To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed both scales. After ensuring that both instruments met the required psychometric properties, they were administered to a randomly selected sample of 400 students, the current study has came up with the following results; - The study sample has a high level of Career Future Anxiety. - The study sample has a low level of Psychological Empowerment. - An inverse relationship exists between the two variables, Inlight of the results, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims analyzing the pedagogical cultre orientation of social studies textbooks for primary and intermediate levels , The researchers review the literature and studies that are mentioned the concept of pedagogy and culture that is compiled a list of cultural patterns the validity of the instrument has confirmed by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in social studies curricula and teaching method ,as well as in educational psychology to providing their valuable opinions and feedback for it, According to above, the researchers find some paragraphs are modulated added or deleted ,as you can see the results in the final version in Appendix (1),Subsequently ,the resachers proceed the analysis the social studia text books for primar and intermediate levels to establish the reliability for their research instrument,Confirming it will enable the researchers use the time to resolve the analysis method by depending on themselves and with assistance of the other analysts to get an authenticity for all their research procedures ,Consequently,they analysis all the social studies textbook for parimary and intermediate levels in an accurate way ,the results of this study indicate that the curriculum devel0pers pay close attention to focusing on general and specific cultural patterns within content orientation of the textbooks across all .therefore,they overlook the hybrid patterns to the culture of Iraqi in the content of the social studies textbooks. As a result ,the researchers reach a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

This study was conducted in Iraq, specifically among history teachers in day schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate and its districts, during the 2024-2025 academic year. The study aimed to identify the difficulties encountered in adapting teaching methods when technology is implemented in secondary schools, from the perspective of male and female history teachers, and to determine the most challenging area of technology use, as measured by percentage. The current study was limited to a sample of 790 history teachers in day schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate during the 2024-2025 academic year.
Therefore, the researcher used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument after confirming its validity and reliability, which led to its application to the primary research sample. Statistical methods were used in the research, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, percentage weight, and standard deviation, using the SPSS statistical software. The following results emerged:
-1 The overall response rate of the research sample reached 86%, indicating a very high degree of difficulty in implementing educational technology at the secondary level.
-2 The areas were ranked according to their level of difficulty after interpreting the results. Administrative and organizational difficulties reached a percentage of 84.2%, placing them third among the areas. Difficulties related to students and teachers came in second place, reaching 86.4%. Difficulties related to physical equipment ranked first, reaching 87.6%. Thus, it is clear that all areas achieved a very high degree of difficulty.

This study investigates the pervasive phenomenon of school rumors during national examinations among sixth-grade preparatory students in DhiQar Province, Iraq, and evaluates the mitigating role of media literacy in curbing their spread. Grounded in a descriptive-correlational design, the research surveyed 252 students using two validated Likert-scale questionnaires27 items measuring media literacy and 26 assessing rumor prevalencewith high reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.892 and 0.867) and construct validity confirmed through expert review and the extreme groups method. Results reveal a relatively high average level of media literacy (M = 3.90/5), particularly in ethical awareness (M = 4.01), yet a critical deficit in critical thinking skills (M = 3.78), indicating a gap between knowledge and application. Rumor prevalence was moderate to high (M = 3.68/5), with psychological impact (M = 3.95) being the strongest driver, suggesting that fearnot misinformationis the primary catalyst for rumor transmission. Crucially, a strong, statistically significant negative correlation was found between media literacy and rumor spread (r = -0.682, p < 0.01), demonstrating that higher levels of critical evaluation, source verification, and ethical responsibility significantly reduce susceptibility to rumors. The findings underscore that rumors are not merely false information but symptoms of an epistemic insecurity rooted in institutional communication gaps and cultural reliance on hearsay. The study concludes that media literacy is not an auxiliary subject but a vital protective mechanism; its systematic integration into curricula can transform schools from arenas of anxiety into spaces of cognitive resilience, empowering students not only to reject falsehoods but to become active guardians of truth in an era of digital misinformation.

The current research aims to identify the correlation between moral thinking and the prevailing teaching methods in the preparatory stage. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the descriptive correlational method. A random sample was selected from the research population, which consists of (150) preparatory stage students from schools in the city of Ramadi. Then, the Moral Thinking Scale, which was developed by (Maysoun Mushrif 2009) and consists of (42) items distributed across three domains, was applied. The Prevailing Teaching Methods Scale, which was built to be the main tool for data collection, consists of (30) items distributed across two domains: modern and traditional methods. After collecting and statistically processing the data, the results showed that preparatory students possess a high level of moral thinking, that the prevailing teaching methods are traditional and few use modern methods, and that there is a negative correlation between moral thinking and the prevailing teaching methods. In light of the results, the researchers made some recommendations and suggestions.

The importance of studying the Umayyad role in confronting Fatimid influence lies in its exploration of the nature of the political and military relations between the two powers, and the methods the Umayyads employed to maintain the balance of power in the western Islamic world. During the fourth century AH, the western Islamic world witnessed a prominent political and intellectual struggle between the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia and the Fatimid state in North Africa. Each sought to consolidate its influence and establish its right to leadership and legitimacy within the Islamic world. The Fatimid state emerged as a rising power, adopting the Ismaili doctrine and basing its political project on its lineage to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) , This gave it a religious dimension alongside its expansionist ambitions, Conversely, the Umayyad state in Andalusia represented a bastion of Sunni Islam and the heir to Umayyad political traditions, leading it to view Fatimid expansion as a strategic challenge that threatened its security, status, and the stability of its state, As the Fatimid influence expanded in the Maghreb and they controlled a number of vital centers and maritime trade routes, the Umayyads became increasingly concerned about this influence spreading to areas near Andalusia.

Al-Qadisiyah Governorate is one of the tributaries of the agricultural production of the country, and among these products comes the production of poultry, which is of great importance in providing an important food item that has its place in the life of the population, whether in the country or in the governorate because it contains nutrients that are important to them, he research raises a problem that affects this production greatly, whether it has a direct or indirect impact, which is the climatic characteristics (solar radiation, temperatures, winds, relative humidity and rain). On this type of agricultural production and the extent of variation in the reality of the quantity of production and the geographical distribution of the fields according to the influence of those relevant characteristics, In addition to its direct impact on the vital factors affecting the production of poultry projects in the governorate and according to its administrative units, In order to monitor and analyze this problem, the research relied on the systematic approach in interpreting the impact of these characteristics, and was supported by the analytical approach to clarify that interdependent relationship between the reality of production and its distribution and those climatic characteristics through analyzing the data and data issued by the climate station in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the period (2000-2020). Using quantitative methods to determine this relationship, especially the Pearson correlation coefficient, By using quantitative methods to determine this relationship, especially the Pearson correlation coefficient, the research reached scientific results that there is an effect of climatic characteristics, especially the two elements of temperature and relative humidity. Important for the Iraqi table.

Vocabulary acquisition is widely recognized as one of the most essential components of second language learning because it forms the foundation for effective communication, reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and language production. In the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education in Iraq, vocabulary learning remains a major challenge for elementary school students due to limited exposure to English outside the classroom, reliance on traditional teaching methods, and a lack of opportunities for meaningful language interaction. As a result, many learners experience difficulties in understanding, retaining, and using English vocabulary appropriately in both spoken and written communication.

The present study, entitled “An Instructional Design Based on Eye-Hand Coupling in Acquiring Visual Thinking Skills Among School Pupils”, addressed an educational topic consistent with the recent trends in developing the educational process, as visual thinking is considered one of the basic skills that contributes to developing pupils’ abilities in visual perception, analysis, and interpretation. Given the importance of linking visual perceptions with practical performance in the learning process, the need emerged for instructional designs based on eye-hand coupling that contribute to the development of these skills among pupils.The present study included four chapters. The first chapter, the methodological framework of the study, began with the research problem represented by the following question: What is the effect of an instructional design based on eye-hand coupling on acquiring visual thinking skills among school pupils? It then presented the importance of the study and the need for it, followed by the aim of the study, which was to identify an instructional design based on eye-hand coupling in acquiring visual thinking skills among school pupils. To achieve this aim, the following null hypothesis was formulated: There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the control group members who studied according to the traditional method and the experimental group members who studied according to the instructional design based on eye-hand coupling. The chapter concluded with defining the terms of the study. The second chapter included the theoretical framework and previous studies. Through it, the researcher addressed three sections. The first section was entitled Instructional Design and included three axes: the concept of instructional design, its theoretical bases, and its models. The second section was Modern Teaching Strategies and also included three axes: teaching and its instructional strategies, active learning and modern teaching strategies, and the strategy based on eye-hand coupling. The third section was Visual Thinking and Its Skills. At the end of the chapter, a set of indicators was extracted from the theoretical framework, and the previous studies were presented and discussed The third chapter included the research methodology and procedures, beginning with the research method, which was the experimental method with partial control, followed by the research population and its sample, represented by fifth-grade primary pupils. To conduct the experiment, the sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group taught according to the instructional design, and a control group taught according to the traditional method, with 20 pupils in each group. The researcher conducted equivalence procedures between the two groups in the variables of learning motivation, chronological age, and intelligence, and the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in these variables. The researcher also prepared the requirements of the study, identified the instructional content, formulated 48 cognitive behavioral objectives, and prepared 8 lesson plans, which were presented to a group of experts and referees. To measure the acquisition of visual thinking skills, the researcher prepared an observation checklist consisting of four domains and 24 items, which was presented to a group of experts and referees to ensure its face validity. Its reliability was verified through inter-rater reliability using Cooper’s formula, and time stability using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, which reached 91.6%, a value indicating that the observation checklist had a high degree of reliability The fourth chapter included the results of the study after the observation checklist was applied to the pupils in the research sample at the end of the experiment, and the results of the two groups were analyzed using the statistical methods of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test, and eta squared (η²). The results showed the superiority of the experimental group pupils who were taught according to the instructional design in the observation checklist for acquiring visual thinking skills compared with the control group. The study then concluded with a set of conclusions, including :1. The instructional design based on eye-hand coupling showed effectiveness in acquiring visual thinking skills among the experimental group pupils, through the pupil’s transition between Bruner’s levels of cognitive representation, namely the enactive, iconic, and symbolic representations, during artistic practice.2. The applied artistic activities based on observation and practical implementation contributed to improving pupils’ ability to identify and describe the visual form, analyze visual elements, perceive the relationships between forms, and interpret and infer visual information with greater accuracy and clarity.The chapter concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.If you want, I can also format it for you as a proper thesis abstract in a clean academic layout ready to paste into the English summary page.

This research aims to highlight the contributions of the Iraqi historical school to the field of Andalusian studies. The researcher uses the intellectual output of Dr. Redha Hadi Abbas as an applied model for the study. The importance of the research stems from the need to evaluate the Iraqi academic achievement that has moved beyond traditional narrative presentations towards offering in-depth critical and bibliographical readings of the history and civilization of the Iberian Peninsula. The study discussed the central problem concerning the methodological and thematic foundations adopted by the researcher in his extensive work, which spans authorship, translation from Spanish and English, and the editing of rare manuscripts, in addition to his leadership in supervising university theses and dissertations. The research employed the historical-analytical method to deconstruct the intellectual trajectories in the works of the studied model.

Abu Haytham al-Rāzī is among the early linguists whose reports were widely quoted by al-Azharī in his dictionary Tahdhīb al-Lugha. Among these narrations are reports related to the interpretation of words in the Noble Qur’an and the elucidation of its uncommon vocabulary. These narrations have great scholarly value, as their significance derives from their early chronological standing; they represent the initial stages of linguistic tafsīr of the Qur’an’s uncommon expressions. Therefore, this research comes as a compilation of these narrations, accompanied by their verification/editing, and a clarification of their impact on early exegetical studies.

This research examines alternative spiritual movements that have spread in contemporary Arab societies, and the spiritual concepts and practices they present, drawing their ideas from diverse sources such as Eastern philosophies, New Age movements, energy beliefs, meditation, and the law of attraction. These trends have gained increasing attention in recent years as a result of technological developments, cultural openness, and the spread of social media, which have contributed to their marketing and the expansion of their influence. The research seeks to define these movements and explain their most prominent ideas and intellectual foundations, while highlighting their repercussions on religious identity in Arab societies. It also discusses the relationship between these spiritual trends and the established tenets of Islamic doctrine, through analyzing the intellectual content they carry and comparing it with the Islamic conception of humanity, the universe, and life. The importance of this topic stems from its connection to the intellectual and cultural transformations that Arab societies are witnessing, and the questions that these movements raise about religious authorities and sources of spiritual knowledge, which makes studying them a scientific necessity to understand their nature and effects in contemporary reality.

Blocking the means is one of the precise principles of Islamic legal theory that reveals the capacity of Sharia to regulate means before they turn into actual harms. The juristic inquiry is not limited to the act in isolation from its consequences; rather, it extends to its outcomes, modes of use, and degree of conduciveness to prohibition. This principle becomes especially significant in the digital environment, where technological tools are not always neutral, but may function as rapidly spreading, far-reaching, anonymous, and socially harmful means. This study, therefore, revisits the principle of blocking the means in light of contemporary digital issues without excessive restriction that disables lawful benefits or excessive leniency that leaves pathways to harm open under the pretext of original permissibility. The study examines three applied cases: cyber extortion, digital betting, and the marketing of prohibited content. It seeks to construct a disciplined legal-theoretical approach that distinguishes between originally permissible means and prohibited means in view of their consequences, while considering the higher objectives of Sharia, especially the preservation of religion, life, intellect, honor, and wealth.

Abstract
Our Arabic language is the most vital element binding the people of this great nation and unified Ummah. It is, undoubtedly, the solid pillar that grants this nation its survival and continuity. Consequently, any weakness in this element is the primary indicator of the nation’s decline and dissolution—God forbid. indisputably, Arabic is one of the most sophisticated languages on Earth in all aspects, characterized by its abundance of vocabulary, structural eloquence, strength, and semantic depth. Unfortunately, in recent decades, a noticeable decline and weakness have begun to creep into the language, reflecting the general weakness of its speakers, particularly the younger generation. Therefore, this study attempts to draw the attention of officials and stakeholders to the causes of this decline. To achieve this, the research is structured into five chapters, accompanied by appendices and references, organized as follows: Chapter One: Addresses the research problem, significance, objectives, hypotheses, limitations, and definitions of terms. Chapter Two: Explores the theoretical framework and reviews relevant literature (previous studies) Chapter Three: Outlines the research methodology and procedures. Chapter Four: Presents and interprets the findings and results. Chapter Five: Details the conclusions, suggestions, and recommendations derived from the research.

In light of the rapid developments witnessed by the contemporary international community and the increasing interdependence between states through and international organizations, the of widrawal from international obligations has become one of the most prominent topics that attract the attention of international jurisprudence and judiciary. Withdrawal is no longer merely procedure by which a state terminates commitment to a treaty or an international organization. Rather, it has often become an important legal and political tool that reflects the state's orientation in redrawing its international relations in accordance with its strategic interests and its internal and external circumstances. Hence, withdrawal has emerged as a unilateral international legal act with direct effects on the withdrawing state in particular, and on other parties and the stability of the international legal system in general

Abstract:
Evangelical Dispensationalism, which originated in nineteenth-century Britain before migrating to the United States, constitutes an integrated theological framework that extends beyond religious interpretation to shape a comprehensive vision of history, the world, and politics; it is fundamentally predicated on the concept of "dispensation," defined as a divine order and administration wherein humanity is entrusted with a specific responsibility or testing during a distinct historical epoch. The ideological architecture of this movement rests upon the theory of seven dispensations that segment human history into distinct eras (Innocence, Conscience, Human Government, Promise, Law, Grace, and the Kingdom/Millennium), reflecting humanity's recurrent failures and continuous divine intervention. This framework relies on a strict literal interpretation of biblical texts—particularly futuristic eschatological prophecies—and hinges upon the foundational, cornerstone principle of a definitive distinction between Israel, viewed as God’s earthly people bound by national and terrestrial promises, and the Church, conceptualized as a distinct, spiritual entity. This ideology became deeply institutionalized within American society through academic venues such as the Dallas Theological Seminary and the Moody Bible Institute, and achieved widespread cultural and popular dissemination through the Scofield Reference Bible alongside popular eschatological media and literature, such as the Left Behind series, which successfully popularized end-times theology within the collective American consciousness

Pharmaceutical fraud constitutes one of the most serious contemporary threats to public health and human life, as it directly undermines the higher objectives of Islamic law, particularly the preservation of life, property, and intellect. The rapid development of pharmaceutical industries and distribution networks has generated new forms of fraudulent practices, including the counterfeiting of original medicines, manipulation of active ingredients, alteration of expiration dates, and marketing of substandard or scientifically unapproved pharmaceutical products. This study aims to examine the jurisprudential characterization of pharmaceutical fraud within the framework of Islamic law and to identify the legal consequences and sanctions associated with such offenses. The research adopts an inductive and analytical methodology through the examination of relevant Qur’anic principles, Prophetic traditions, juristic opinions, legal maxims, and the objectives of Islamic law, while incorporating contemporary pharmaceutical applications. The study demonstrates that pharmaceutical fraud cannot be viewed merely as a commercial or financial violation; rather, it constitutes a multifaceted offense involving violations of both individual and collective rights. Depending on the extent of harm caused, such conduct may amount to unlawful deception, harmful misconduct, bodily injury, or even criminal homicide.The findings indicate that the legal characterization of pharmaceutical fraud varies according to the nature of the act, the degree of negligence or intent involved, and the resulting consequences. Islamic jurisprudence provides a flexible legal framework capable of addressing these offenses through a combination of preventive measures, civil liability, and criminal sanctions. The study further concludes that discretionary punishments (taʿzīr) represent the principal mechanism for combating pharmaceutical fraud, while compensation, blood money, or other legal consequences may apply when specific legal conditions are fulfilled. The research emphasizes the necessity of strengthening regulatory oversight, enhancing professional accountability within pharmaceutical practice, and developing contemporary legal mechanisms consistent with the objectives of Islamic law in safeguarding public health and ensuring pharmaceutical security.

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence on electronic contracts from a comparative jurisprudential perspective, in light of the rapid technological developments that have significantly transformed modern contracting methods and digital legal transactions. The research aims to clarify the concepts of artificial intelligence and electronic contracts, analyze the role of intelligent systems in negotiation and contract formation processes, and explore the legal and jurisprudential issues arising from the use of advanced AI technologies in contractual relationships, The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology by reviewing relevant legal and Islamic jurisprudential opinions and examining the general principles governing electronic contracts within contemporary AI applications. It further discusses the influence of artificial intelligence on contract formation, the expression of contractual consent, the issue of legal personality of intelligent systems, and the legal liability resulting from technical errors and defects of consent associated with AI-based contracting environments, The study concludes that artificial intelligence does not currently possess an independent legal personality and that the legal consequences of actions performed by intelligent systems remain attributable to the individuals or entities that design, operate, or utilize such systems. The research also finds that both Islamic jurisprudence and positive law provide sufficiently flexible principles capable of accommodating many contemporary AI applications in electronic contracting, while emphasizing the necessity of developing legislative and regulatory frameworks that balance technological innovation with the protection of contractual rights and legal interests.

Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to academic engagement6+ among university students Universities, through their scientific and research institutions, constitute a fundamental pillar in preparing and qualifying students to cope with the rapid changes occurring in various aspects of life. Their role is no longer limited to the transmission of knowledge; rather, it has expanded to include the development of intellectual abilities and higher-order cognitive skills that help students adapt to the demands of modern life. In light of these growing transformations, increasing attention has been directed toward psychological and cognitive variables that contribute to improving the quality of university learning and enhancing academic performance. In this context, cognitive flexibility emerges as an important variable that enables students to adapt to educational and social challenges through their ability to modify thinking strategies and view situations from multiple perspectives. This characteristic is expected to contribute to enhancing academic engagement, which reflects the extent to which students are cognitively, behaviorally, and emotionally involved in the learning environment. Despite the theoretical and practical importance of these two variables, the relationship between them has not received sufficient attention in the Iraqi context. Therefore, further investigation is needed to identify the nature of this relationship and its impact on the educational process. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify The level of cognitive flexibility among university students.- The level of academic engagement among university students.- The correlational relationship between cognitive flexibility and academic engagement among university students.- Differences in the correlational relationship between cognitive flexibility and academic engagement according to gender (male–female)-To achieve these objectives, two scales were employed: one measuring cognitive flexibility and the other measuring academic engagement. After verifying their psychometric properties, the scales were administered to the study sample. The results revealed the following:- University students possess a satisfactory level of cognitive flexibility.- University students possess a satisfactory level of academic engagement.-A statistically significant positive relationship exists between cognitive flexibility and academic engagement among university students, indicating that higher levels of cognitive flexibility are associated with higher levels of academic engagement.- Statistically significant gender differences were found in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and academic engagement, in favor of female students.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into business decision-making processes has fundamentally altered its role and value within the business environment. AI is no longer just a technological tool, but an active element in developing and enhancing core organisational functions. This shift in capabilities has moved management away from a limited, traditional model towards a more proactive and intelligent approach. However, the adoption of AI has also presented a range of complex challenges relating to security, governance and ethics.In light of the rapid expansion of AI use in healthcare institutions, there is a growing need for systematic studies to analyse its impact on these institutions, particularly with regard to managerial decision-making. This study therefore aims to understand the impact of AI on decision-making patterns in the healthcare sector, including associated outcomes and challenges. The study also compares decision-making efficiency before and after AI adoption, explores AI models and adoption trends, and analyses the impact of AI on the decisions and leadership behaviour of healthcare institutions when integrated into core processes.The study concluded that AI not only improves decision-making, but also completely reshapes it. However, maximising its benefits requires continued investment in AI technologies, the development of human competencies capable of operating in an integrated human–machine environment, and the strengthening of data governance frameworks.

The digital revolution and the spread of social media have made it easy to circulate photos and video clips on a wide scale, which has given rise to many contemporary legal and ethical issues. Among the most prominent is posting photos of patients, wounded people, and the dead without their permission—or the permission of their guardians—which may violate privacy, undermine human dignity, and cause psychological harm to individuals and their families. Since Islamic law has given great attention to safeguarding life and honor and to preserving human dignity, this issue deserves study and research to clarify its Islamic ruling in light of the Qur’anic and Prophetic texts, fiqh principles, and Islamic objectives (maqāṣid), while also explaining the controls that govern dealing with such images on social media.

Revealing the intended meanings of syntactic structure constitutes the ultimate aim of grammatical study in general. Contextual indicators (qarāʾin) represent a broad and fertile field for linguistic research, as they encompass numerous linguistic rules and principles that assist in understanding syntactic constructions and the semantic relations that bind them. Among these indicators, the indicator of specification (qarīnat al-takhṣīṣ) serves as one of the principal means for uncovering compositional meaning. It functions first as an interpretive tool that clarifies the relationships among the elements of a structure, and second as a mechanism that restricts and specifies these relationships, thereby preventing their undue expansion This indicator constitutes a comprehensive foundational principle that subsumes various subsidiary indicators linking and delimiting predicative meaning. It belongs to the class of semantic indicators (such as predication, attribution, dependency, and contrast) that govern the structure of the sentence. Moreover, it operates as a major contextual constraint on the predicative relationship, from which several sub-indicators derive, including transitivity, accompaniment, adverbiality, purpose, delimitation, emphasis, concomitance, explanation, and exclusion. These sub-indicators connect the predicative meaning—arising from the relationship between the predicate and the subject—with a range of accusative complements, namely: the direct object, the comitative object, the adverbial object (of time and place), the object of purpose, the cognate accusative (absolute object), the circumstantial accusative (ḥāl), the exception, and the specification (tamyīz). Each of these expresses a particular dimension in interpreting the meaning of the event denoted by the verb or by a deverbal form functioning as a verb (i.e., an active participle or adjectival derivative). The study therefore elucidates this indicator, its branches, and its effect on syntactic taking Surat AL-Nisa’a as an applied field of analysis .

This study aims to examine the term “Sabuʿ (predatory beast)” as it appears in Jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī through an analytical hadith-based approach. It investigates the linguistic and juristic implications of the term by analyzing the hadiths in which it occurs and identifying the legal rulings and scholarly benefits derived from them. The research adopts an analytical methodology covering three hadiths from the chapters on pilgrimage (Ḥajj), military expeditions (Siyar), and hunting (Ṣayd). Each hadith is examined through authentication (takhrīj), chain of transmission (isnād) analysis, grading, explanation of unfamiliar vocabulary, textual interpretation, and extraction of legal and educational benefits.The study concludes that the term “Sabuʿ” refers to predatory animals possessing fangs and characterized by aggression, while its precise implication varies according to the context of each hadith. The research also highlights the methodology of hadith scholars in evaluating chains of transmission and demonstrates the significance of the science of al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl in determining the authenticity of narrations. Furthermore, the analyzed hadiths establish several important legal rulings, including the permissibility of killing harmful predatory animals during pilgrimage, the prohibition of consuming predatory beasts with fangs, and rulings concerning hunting and the use of utensils belonging to non-Muslims. The study emphasizes the importance of analytical hadith research in revealing the linguistic, juristic, and methodological dimensions of the Prophetic Sunnah and its role in achieving the objectives of Islamic law.

Dr. Sami Amiri's book, "Proofs of God's Existence in the Soul, Mind, and Science," is a monumental philosophical work that addresses two crucial issues: the existence of God and atheism. It demonstrates that belief in God is not based on emotion or blind imitation, but rather can be proven through a multitude of arguments, proofs, and rational and philosophical evidence. This evidence supports and reinforces itself, presenting scientific proofs that align with the existence of a Creator God. The book also examines atheism, presenting the objections of atheists and refuting them persuasively. It is important to note that some of the evidence and proofs used by the author are not universally accepted by all scientists and philosophers.

The research reveals the verb meters used in the Diwan of Antara Ibn Shaddad. We began by extracting the verbs in the Diwan and arranging them according to their type in terms of abstract and augmentative, dividing them into abstract and augmentative by returning them to their original form and extracting their meters by referring to the dictionary. Then, the abstract verbs were subdivided into three-syllable or four-syllable verbs and their appendages, and the augmentative verbs were subdivided into three-syllable augmentative verbs with one, two, or more letters, and four-syllable augmentative verbs and their appendages and subdivisions. The study revealed the nature and number of the verbs used, as well as those not used and neglected. Although the poet lived in a rugged environment dominated by difficult words, he used more than one three-syllable verb, especially the open-syllable verb form.

This study examines the grammatical semantics of verses of proportional retribution in the Holy Qur’an, highlighting how syntactic structures contribute to expressing the relationship between human actions and their corresponding recompense, whether in the context of punishment or reward. The research is grounded in the premise that proportional retribution in the Qur’an is not merely a legislative principle linking action to consequence, but also a semantic construction manifested through the grammatical and stylistic formulation of the verses. This reveals the precision of Qur’anic expression in achieving justice, demonstrating wisdom, and reinforcing the psychological impact of recompense. The study focuses on clarifying the concept of proportional retribution and its relationship to syntactic structure, and then traces the main grammatical tools that convey this meaning, such as conditional sentences, nominal sentences, restriction (qasr), coordination, repetition, contrast, and the techniques of foregrounding and postponement, among other structures that play a clear role in establishing proportionality between cause and effect, offense and punishment, and benevolence and reward. It also addresses the grammatical semantics of verses related to worldly retribution, including verses on retaliation , equivalent punishment, prescribed penalties, deterrence, and the prevention of corruption, while demonstrating how grammatical formulation determines the type, degree, and appropriateness of the punishment in relation to the committed act.

This study, entitled “The Virtues of Ahl al-Bayt According to al-Hakim al-Naysaburi and ‘Abd al-Malik al-Kharkushi,” includes an introduction and several sections. The first section provides a brief overview of the location of the city of Naysabur, while the second and third sections introduce Abd Allah al-Hakim al-Naysaburi and ‘Abd al-Malik al-Kharkushi. The fourth section discusses the term Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). The fifth and most important section focuses on the virtues of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), tracing them in al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn by al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, as well as Manahil al-Shifa’ and Manahil al-Safa’, through the edition/investigation based on the book Sharaf al-Mustafa by Abu Sa‘d al-Kharkushi. At the end of the study, a conclusion summarizes the most important findings reached by the research.

This research aims to elucidate the Quranic approach to building family awareness through a foundational study of Luqman's advice and an examination of the prophets' (peace be upon them) interactions with their families. It then explores the implications of this approach for addressing contemporary intellectual challenges. The research is based on the premise that the Holy Quran presents a comprehensive methodology for building family awareness, grounded in doctrinal, intellectual, and educational principles. This methodology possesses the capacity to strengthen the intellectual identity of the Muslim family, achieve intellectual security, and confront the effects of cultural and digital transformations. The research employs an inductive approach to trace Quranic verses related to the study topic and a deductive approach to extract the intellectual and educational foundations governing the development of family awareness. It also utilizes an analytical approach to study Quranic models and connect them to the realities of contemporary families. The research concluded that the Quranic approach to building family awareness rests on key pillars, namely: establishing monotheism as an intellectual framework, cultivating self-monitoring, adopting dialogue as a means of building conviction, and reinforcing values through practical example. The study also demonstrated that the examples of the prophets, particularly Noah, Abraham, and Jacob (peace be upon them), offer practical applications of this approach, emphasizing that the family is the primary environment for shaping awareness, building identity, and protecting children from intellectual deviations. The research concluded that the Quranic approach possesses the comprehensiveness and flexibility to guide the Muslim family in the digital age by building a faith-based framework, developing conscious thinking, and promoting dialogue, thus contributing to the preparation of generations that combine steadfastness to principles with awareness of the changing times.

This study investigates the organic relationship between phonetic structure and the construction of meaning in Sūrat al-Qalam, proceeding from the hypothesis that sound selection in Qur'anic discourse is not arbitrary but reflects a precise correspondence between the acoustic quality of an utterance and its semantic content. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the study examines salient phonetic phenomena in the sūrah—phonemic repetition, gemination, the distribution of voiced and voiceless sounds, and plosive versus fricative consonants—and their role in shaping the semantic imagery of Qur'anic scenes, particularly the parable of the owners of the garden. The study concludes that the sūrah employs a coherent phonetic system that intensifies meaning and embodies psychological and sensory content, confirming that sound in the Qur'an is an authentic semantic element rather than incidental ornamentation.

This study aims to monitor and analyze the temporal and spatial changes associated with the decline in date palm cultivation and date production in Al-Muthanna Governorate during the period (1995–2025), and to present a future vision for agricultural relocation toward the southern desert region. The study adopted a quantitative and descriptive analytical approach using official statistical data issued by the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Agriculture. The results revealed a significant decline in the number of date palm trees in the alluvial plain due to the increasing problems of soil and water salinity and the reduced water discharges of the Euphrates River. Furthermore, based on the available hydrogeological indicators of the Dammam aquifer, the study demonstrates the potential of relying on groundwater as a sustainable spatial alternative to accommodate new agricultural expansion in the southern desert of the governorate through modern irrigation techniques, thereby supporting a strategy of functional transformation toward the desert hinterland.

This study examines the Arabic historical discourse as a complex linguistic and semantic structure that goes beyond mere narration of events to the construction and interpretation of meaning within a specific cultural and intellectual context. It aims to explore the concept of historical discourse in light of the Arabic heritage by tracing its roots in classical lexicons, Qur’anic exegesis, and the fields of theology and legal theory, while highlighting its communicative and persuasive functions. The research further analyzes the lexical and syntactic levels of historical discourse by investigating the nature of vocabulary and its semantic implications, as well as identifying the semantic fields that contribute to shaping historical perception. It also examines syntactic structures and linguistic patterns and their role in organizing events and establishing logical and temporal relations.The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and draws on cognitive semantic frameworks to interpret semantic networks and conceptual structures underlying the linguistic material. The findings reveal that Arabic historical discourse is not a neutral transmission of facts, but rather a conscious linguistic practice shaped by deliberate lexical and structural choices that reflect the historian’s perspective and guide the reader’s understanding. Moreover, it is characterized by an interaction between sender and receiver and by a dual-layered meaning combining explicit and implicit dimensions, making it a rich field for linguistic and semantic analysis.

Phonetic writing from and received by the ears of the listeners is an important topic in the Arabic language, and scholars have paid great attention to sound.Human languages are sounds produced by man's speech machine, and Ibn Jinni defined them as: "Sounds by which each people expresses their purposes.The research came on the concept of phonetic writing and divided it into an introduction, a preface, two researches and a conclusion, in which it showed the importance of introducing phonetic writing and human languages, what these words mean and the need for them, as well as the importance of the intellectual sentence and the phonetic sentence. It explained the history and origin of international phonetic writing and the position of scholars on phonetic writing and writing with letters.

The Holy Quran is considered the highest example of Arabic eloquence, as it embodies the most sublime forms of linguistic miracle, where phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels are integrated to form a coherent textual structure that conveys meaning with utmost precision. Based on this premise, this research examines the linguistic levels in Surah An-Naba, a Meccan surah rich in diverse styles, structures, and linguistic forms, and the profound meanings they convey, serving the surah's doctrinal objectives. The research focuses on demonstrating the close relationship between linguistic structure and meaning by examining morphological structures, verbal nouns, derivatives, verbs, and syntactic constructions, and revealing the semantic functions these elements perform within their Quranic contexts. This highlights the harmony between word and meaning and the Quran's precise choice in employing forms and styles. The research also discusses the opinions of prominent linguists and exegetes in interpreting these phenomena, comparing them to demonstrate the semantic dimensions of words and structures that transcend their lexical meaning to reach the contextual meaning dictated by the Quranic system. The study has shown that The linguistic structures and patterns in Surah An-Naba' are not merely for the sake of formal variation, but rather follow a precise system that achieves integration between linguistic levels. This system plays a pivotal role in establishing matters of faith, particularly the affirmation of resurrection and recompense, highlighting the manifestations of divine power in the creation of the universe and humankind, and evoking scenes of the Day of Judgment in a powerful style that combines eloquent expression with profound meaning. The research findings confirm that studying linguistic levels contributes to revealing an important aspect of the Quran's rhetorical miracle. It demonstrates that every morphological, grammatical, or semantic choice in the Surah is consistent with the overall context, thus reinforcing the unity and coherence of the Quranic text and revealing a linguistic and semantic richness that deepens the understanding of the Quranic discourse and its objectives.

The topic of the objectives of Islamic law in some verses of the Holy Qur’an is one of the scientific topics that highlights the teleological dimension of Islamic legislation and reveals the wisdom and secrets contained in the Qur’anic verses in various fields of life. The Holy Qur’an did not limit itself to stating rulings and obligations, but rather directed man to achieve his religious and worldly interests, and to establish his life on the foundations of justice, mercy, wisdom and balance, in accordance with the objectives of Islamic law in preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage and wealth. The research deals with a number of Qur’anic verses in which the objectives of Islamic law are manifested, through an explanation of what they contain of doctrinal guidance, worship legislation, family rulings, financial transactions and moral and social values, in a way that reflects the comprehensiveness of the Islamic message and its connection to the reality of man in different times and places. This study highlights the close relationship between the Quranic text and the overarching objectives of Islamic law (Sharia). It emphasizes that understanding verses in light of their objectives contributes to comprehending God's intent in legislation and reveals the consistency and interconnectedness of legal rulings in achieving the well-being of people and averting harm from them. The research also demonstrates the importance of purposive interpretation in deepening the understanding of the Holy Quran, revealing its civilizational and human dimensions, and its emphasis on the principles of moderation, balance, and facilitation. This makes the objectives of Islamic law a comprehensive framework for understanding Quranic texts and grasping their implications. It affirms that the Holy Quran represents the original source for establishing the system of objectives upon which Islamic law is based, achieving human well-being and societal stability in all aspects of life.

This research, titled "Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on the Misunderstanding of Sharia Rulings," is a contemporary interdisciplinary study that explores the effectiveness of AI algorithms in simulating the "jurisprudential and deductive faculty" of the human mind. The research problem focuses on monitoring the impact of relying on these machines in deriving legal rulings (Fatwas), specifically in the attribution of scholarly opinions, the understanding of context and Islamic objectives (Maqasid al-Sharia), and the classification of school (Madhhab) differences. The researcher adopted an applied comparative methodology by presenting complex jurisprudential issues to the most prominent AI programs (Copilot, DeepSeek, and Gemini) and comparing their automated outputs with the approved jurisprudential rulings and established scholarly verifications maintained by Muslim jurists and researchers.

This study examines the evaluative function of the grammatical term al-Ajwad ("the preferable" or "the most appropriate") in Kitāb of Sibawayh, with a focus on his methodology in employing this evaluative judgment. It also investigates the theoretical foundation of the term and its significance in grammatical analysis and guidance. The study explores the grammatical issues that Sibawayh evaluates using al-Ajwad as a means of preferring one grammatical opinion or research is based on tracing and analyzing the grammatical passages in which Sibawayh employs the term al-Ajwad, in order to clarify its role in determining the validity and strength of grammatical rules and opinions. Furthermore, it highlights the criteria underlying Sibawayh’s evaluative judgments and demonstrates the impact of this term on grammatical reasoning and the establishment of grammatical principles. The study concludes that al-Ajwad functions as a comparative evaluative tool through which Sibawayh distinguishes the most appropriate grammatical analysis among competing alternatives, thereby reflecting his methodological approach to grammatical evaluation and preferencestructure over another based on linguistic and grammatical criteria.

This study examines the Islamic legal rulings governing pharmaceutical preparations manufactured through three-dimensional bioprinting (3D Bioprinting), one of the most significant emerging biotechnologies in regenerative medicine and advanced pharmaceutical manufacturing. This technology enables the fabrication of sophisticated pharmaceutical products and drug-delivery systems through the controlled deposition of living cells and biomaterials, thereby supporting personalized medicine and improving therapeutic precision. Despite its considerable medical potential, the technology raises a number of complex jurisprudential questions concerning the permissibility of utilizing human or animal cells in pharmaceutical production, the legal status of biomaterials employed during manufacturing, and the extent to which classical Islamic legal principles remain applicable to contemporary biomedical innovations. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to explain the scientific and chemical foundations of bioprinted pharmaceuticals, while employing a comparative jurisprudential methodology to analyze the opinions of Islamic jurists and relate them to recent developments in pharmaceutical sciences. The study also investigates the ethical and regulatory dimensions associated with bioprinted pharmaceutical products, emphasizing the objectives of Islamic law in preserving human life. The study concludes that no absolute legal ruling can be assigned to bioprinted pharmaceutical preparations. Rather, their legal status depends upon several interrelated factors, including the origin and legitimacy of the biological materials employed, compliance with recognized medical safety standards, the absence of prohibited substances or unjustifiable harm, and adherence to ethical and Sharīʿah regulations governing biomedical research and pharmaceutical production. Consequently, three-dimensional bioprinted pharmaceuticals represent an evolving contemporary legal issue that requires dynamic juristic reasoning capable of integrating the objectives of Islamic law with the rapid advancement of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.

Administrative and financial corruption is one of the most important obstacles to progress and development through the ages, and the methods of its spread are directly proportional to the civilized progress of nations . It brings with it all problems, whether economic, political, social, etc. Through it, the largest societies collapse and overthrow the most powerful nations and this is what happened in our country Iraq, after the US invasion in 2003. Note that most of the laws, legislation and ethics forbade corruption and considered it a humiliating act, but the situation in Iraq has become different, as the corrupt policy was bequeathed by the Americans to their successors and this is what caused the spread of corruption more and the creation of a weak internal administrative apparatus, as well as the lack of effective oversight to deter this phenomenon.

This research addresses the fundamental principles of educational ethics and their impact on educational decision-making. It analyzes the conceptual framework of educational ethics and clarifies the nature and components of educational decisions. The research also explores the relationship between these fundamental principles and decision-making, highlighting the role of values and ethical standards in guiding and regulating educational choices. The study demonstrates that educational decisions are not limited to administrative and technical aspects but are directly influenced by the ethical system governing the behavior of educational stakeholders. Furthermore, it shows that adherence to fundamental principles contributes to improving decision quality by promoting fairness and objectivity, and reducing arbitrariness and deviations in decision-making. The research concludes that integrating educational ethics into the decision-making process is essential for achieving a balance between administrative efficiency and educational responsibility, which positively impacts the quality, outcomes, and sustainability of the educational process.

This research examines the cultural and literary role of the Kinda tribe in the Arabian Peninsula from pre-Islamic times until the end of the Umayyad era, as one of the Arab tribes that had a significant presence in intellectual and literary life. The research explores the origins of the Kinda tribe and its standing among the Arab tribes, as well as the most important centers and markets that contributed to the flourishing of cultural activity, particularly the market of Rabia Hadhramaut, which played a prominent role in commercial and intellectual exchange between the tribes. The research also highlights the most prominent poets and orators produced by the tribe, foremost among them Imru' al-Qays, who represented a significant stage in the development of Arabic poetry, in addition to a number of poets and orators who played a role in political and religious events during the early Islamic period and the Umayyad era. The research concludes that Kinda was not merely a political force in the Arabian Peninsula, but also a cultural and literary center that contributed to the flourishing of poetry and oratory and the dissemination of Arab and Islamic culture, which earned it a distinguished place in the history of Arab-Islamic civilization.

This study presents a systematic temporal analysis of temperature trends in Al-Muthanna Governorate for the period 2000–2024, based on monthly NASA POWER data (0.5×0.5° spatial resolution), covering mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures. Simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test were applied to assess statistical trends, supplemented by thermal anomaly and seasonal analyses. Results reveal a statistically significant increasing trend across all temperature variables, with an annual change rate of 0.058°C/year for mean temperature—equivalent to 1.45°C over the study period. Maximum temperatures exceeded 52°C in several years. Summer exhibits the highest temperatures and rates of change. The period 2015–2024 shows persistent positive thermal anomalies, confirming a structural climate shift in the governorate. Environmental impacts span agricultural productivity, water resources, public health, and ecological stability, necessitating urgent policy responses at the governorate level.

This study examines the principles governing juristic preference (tarjīḥ) among later Islamic jurists, through a combined theoretical and applied approach. It aims to define the concept of tarjīḥ, clarify its position between legal theorization and fatwa-making, and identify the main methodological criteria that guide it. The research adopts an inductive, analytical, and comparative methodology, surveying the works of legal theorists and jurists, and applying their principles to selected case studies in acts of worship, transactions, and personal status law, in order to highlight the methodological features of later jurists in the process of preference.The study concludes that tarjīḥ among later jurists is not based on a single criterion, but rather on an integrated framework that combines the authenticity of evidence, the strength of its indication, its conformity with the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿa), and its relevance to context, custom, and widespread necessity. It further demonstrates that later jurists expanded the scope of preference by incorporating purposive and contextual considerations, while generally remaining within the boundaries of established legal principles. However, the study also emphasizes that this approach, despite its flexibility and adaptability, requires further methodological regulation—particularly in the use of maqāṣid and in distinguishing between juristic reasoning and fatwa practice—to avoid excess or the uncritical pursuit of concessions.

The issue of beginning an utterance with a vowel or with a consonant lacking a vowel (a silent consonant) has received considerable attention among phonetic and linguistic studies. This issue has been challenged or reconsidered in modern linguistic scholarship. Despite the existence of some opposing views, the traditional opinion adopted by many leading early and later scholars has remained deeply rooted in contemporary linguistic studies, continuing to find supporters and followers in our time. A review of modern discussions on this issue reveals that many contemporary scholars have followed their predecessors in maintaining the prohibition of initiating speech with either a vowel or a consonant without a vowel. Accordingly, this study seeks to clarify the perspectives surrounding these two phonetic phenomena, assess the extent of disagreement among scholars, and support the view established in traditional linguistic scholarship that such initiation is impermissible in the Arabic language generally, and particularly in Classical Arabic.

The method of deletion and mention is one of the important linguistic phenomena in linguistic and grammatical studies, as it contributes to achieving brevity and semantic condensation of texts. Deletion is used for brevity and focusing on implicit meanings, while mention is used for emphasis and clarification. This study deals with the psychological dimensions of deletion and mention in discourse, and their impact on the recipient's perception and understanding of texts. From a psychological perspective, deletion may reflect a desire for brevity or a communicative strategy aimed at pushing the reader or listener to infer meaning from the context, which enhances mental interaction and interpretive activity. As for mention, it may be used for emphasis, or to arouse certain feelings in the recipient, or for direct guidance and advice. Rhetoricians were concerned with these two methods (mention and deletion), so much so that Ibn Jinni coined the term (the courage of Arabic) for deletion, and the meaning of this term is that the Arabic language is a brave language, some of its parts are deleted, and it indicates a meaning; When I say: He traveled to Mecca, we find that the meaning of this sentence is complete, even though the subject (he/Muhammad/the traveler) is not present in the sentence, and this is the intended courage. If the grammarian's task is to identify the language system and its structure, and support it with evidence in order to protect the Arabic language from distortion, then the rhetorician's task is to search for the wonderful and sublime secrets that indicate the sublimity of this language and its high status in style and rhetoric. The rhetoricians have drawn attention to a group of reasons for mention, and another group of reasons for deletion, and they indicated that what they mentioned of that does not represent a comprehensive census of all reasons, but rather presents images and models that researchers can be guided by, and follow, and that they can have starting points for intelligent, astute, and perceptive research in this field. Al-Jurjani has emphasized the importance of deletion; Because it gives the language strength and speech power, and souls are dazzled by its wondrous magic, captivating them as if it were magic. The reason for this is that leaving out disclosure is the most eloquent disclosure, and a gesture is sufficient instead of an expression. In fact, sometimes silence is the most eloquent answer and the most beautiful statement.

This research aims to identify the effect of the (4H) strategy on developing reading comprehension among second intermediate grade female students in the subject of Reading and Texts. To achieve the objective of the research, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control. The researcher randomly selected a sample of second intermediate grade female students from Fatima Secondary School for Girls - a government day school, which is one of the schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Diyala - Baquba District Center. The sample consisted of (68) students representing two sections: the experimental group with (34) students, and the control group with (34) students. The researcher equated the two research groups in several variables: chronological age, parents' educational attainment, and students' grades in Arabic for the previous academic year. She also controlled for extraneous variables that might affect this type of experimental design.The researcher defined the scientific material, which included the reading topics in the Arabic language textbook designated for second intermediate grade female students for the first semester of the academic year 2025-2026. The researcher formulated the behavioral objectives for the topics, with a final total of (66) behavioral objectives. She also prepared model teaching plans for each of the specified topics for the experiment. In addition, the researcher developed a reading comprehension test consisting of (30) multiple-choice items. After applying the research tool and statistically analyzing the results using the t-test for two independent samples and the Chi-square test (χ2), the results showed the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group students in the reading comprehension test.The researcher concluded that the (4H) strategy has a positive effect on development among second intermediate grade female students compared to the conventional method. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting the (4H) strategy in teaching the rest of the curriculum topics for second intermediate grade female students. She also suggested conducting similar studies to the current study in the other branches of the Arabic language such as grammar and literature.

Legal Schools in Financial Worships: Case Studies of Zakat, Waqf, and Wills This study provides a comparative jurisprudential analysis of the phenomenon of "Madhab transition" (Intiqal al-Madhab) within the realm of financial worships (Al-Ibadat Al-Maliyyah), focusing on Zakat, Waqf (endowments), and Wills (Wasiyyah). The central research problem examines the legitimacy of a legally accountable individual (whether an individual, a trustee, or a testator) shifting from their original Islamic school of thought to another. This inquiry explores whether such transitions are permissible for seeking ease, achieving higher Shariah objectives (Maqasid), or mitigating hardships in hybrid financial-devotional transactions. Utilizing a comparative analytical methodology, this research deconstructs the arguments of the four major Sunni schools, scrutinizing the operational conditions and boundaries established in classical Islamic jurisprudence. The findings indicate that transitioning between schools in financial worships is not an absolute license; rather, it is strictly governed by systemic criteria designed to prevent the arbitrary tracking of dispensations (Tatabbu' al-Rukhas), which could lead to invalid synthesis (Talfiq) and undermine Shariah goals. In the context of Zakat, transitions frequently aim to achieve greater flexibility in distribution channels or validate monetary value payments for the poor's optimum benefit. Regarding Waqf, the study demonstrates that altering a founder’s stipulations based on an alternative school is permissible if it guarantees the sustainability and growth of the endowment assets. In wills, cross-school transitions help resolve complex modern dilemmas surrounding bequests to heirs and mandatory wills. The study recommends constructing contemporary institutional fatwa frameworks to standardize modern cross-school jurisprudential transitions.

This study aimed to assess the capability, feasibility, and accuracy of using modern geographic technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which is considered a modern technique for monitoring changes in land cover. In this research, several modern techniques were selected for the study, represented by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (BSI), Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The study revealed the changes that occurred during the period between 2000 and 2023 for monitoring changes in land cover using spectral indices, in addition to establishing a digital geographic database of land cover in the study area located in northern Iraq between the latitudes 34°39\'20\" N. Along the longitude line 32°22\'45\" East, the study relied on two scenes from the American Landsat satellite: Landsat 7 representing a satellite scene from the year 2000, and Landsat 8 representing a second satellite scene from the year 2023. In processing and analyzing the data, the study employed the analytical approach and the cartographic algebra method in analyzing spatial data. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is highlighting the significance of integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques in monitoring and detecting changes in dynamic environmental phenomena, such as vegetation cover and water bodies, as they are an effective and fast tool for obtaining results quickly and with minimal cost and effort.

This paper explores the structural and cultural transformations that have occurred within the Iraqi family as a result of the pervasive influence of social media networks, within the framework of cultural sociology. The study begins with the premise that digitalization has become a "parallel cultural environment" that has produced the phenomenon of "digital alienation," shifting interaction from a face-to-face, emotional pattern to a fluid, virtual one. The problem manifests itself in the decline of the family's "social capital" in favor of online connections, which has weakened parental control and created a generational value gap. To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, using a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of 150 individuals, with a theoretical framework based on the approaches of "symbolic interactionism" and Zygmunt Bauman's "liquid modernity" theory. The field results revealed important sociological indicators; they showed that 72% of respondents were preoccupied with their phones during meals together, embodying the concept of "shared isolation" (Alone Together). Regarding upbringing, the results demonstrated the erosion of the family's educational authority. 78% of respondents confirmed that their children are influenced by the values of celebrities and influencers as behavioral models, making algorithms partners in instilling values. The study also recorded a feeling of alienation and psychological loneliness within the home among 55% of families. Furthermore, the "General Cohesion Index" revealed that only 10% of families maintain strong cohesion, while 90% fall prey to digital alienation. The study concluded that social networks have led to the "fragmentation of the family," transforming it into a collection of individuals who are technologically independent but emotionally detached. Accordingly, the study recommended the necessity of formulating a "Digital Home Charter" aimed at restoring "quality family time," along with activating "digital citizenship" programs to empower parents sociologically to bridge the generation gap. This would ensure the preservation of the family's value identity amidst comprehensive digital openness.

This research aims to investigate "Digital Literary Criticism and the Transformations of Modern Reading" in light of the contemporary technological revolution that has reshaped the structure of literary texts and the mechanisms of their reception. Through its three sections, the study tracks the theoretical and terminological shifts within traditional literary criticism, examining the nature of digital criticism as an emerging field that integrates literature with software and multimedia. It also highlights the behavioral shift in modern readers, moving from passive, linear reception to interactive, hyperlinked reading. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and an interdisciplinary approach, the study deconstructs the new interactive dynamics among the elements of the creative process. The research concludes that digitization has empowered the receiver as a "co-author," and that criticizing digital literature demands flexible methodological tools that transcend paper-based boundaries to encompass the visual, auditory, and hyperbolic dimensions inherent in digital texts.

The Translation Movement is considered one of the most significant cultural phenomena in Islamic civilization. During the Abbasid era, it played a vital role in transferring scientific and philosophical knowledge from Greek, Persian, and Indian civilizations into Arabic. This movement contributed significantly to the intellectual and scientific renaissance of the Islamic world. The Abbasid Caliphate actively supported translation through scientific institutions, especially the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which became an international center for scholars and translators. The impact of translation extended to medicine, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, chemistry, and literature. Furthermore, it strengthened Arabic as a language of science and civilization and facilitated the transmission of Islamic knowledge to Europe, thereby contributing to the European Renaissance. This study aims to investigate the origins, development, and impact of the translation movement on Arab-Islamic thought and its role in advancing human civilization.

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This research examines the phenomenon of Neo-Gnosticism as one of the most prominent contemporary spiritual movements that emerged in the context of cultural globalization and the digital revolution. It has contributed to reshaping patterns of religiosity by focusing on esoteric knowledge and subjective experience, The study aims to clarify the concept of Neo-Gnosticism, uncover its intellectual and historical roots, analyze its doctrinal and philosophical foundations, and demonstrate its impact on contemporary religiosity, while evaluating it in light of Islamic doctrine. The study concludes that Neo-Gnosticism represents an intellectual and spiritual project that reinterprets the concepts of religion, humanity, and salvation by replacing revelation with esoteric knowledge. It also finds that many contemporary practices, such as tarot, energy healing, and the law of attraction, are directly or indirectly linked to Gnostic backgrounds. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of strengthening doctrinal awareness and developing scholarly and da'wah discourse to confront this phenomenon within the framework of Islamic principles.